Week 5 Flashcards
Queen Victoria succeeds after the death of her uncle ____________
William IV
Who does Queen Victoria marry?
Her cousin, Albert Prince Saxe-Coburg Gotha
Why was Albert referred to as a consort?
- Because he was not a dual monarch, but rather, a husband to the monarch
When and how did Albert die?
- 1861
- Dies of Typhoid
What was the name of Victoria’s great ceremony celebrating her 60th year on the throne?
1897 Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee
Who said, “in her the public saw the British Empire itself” of Queen Victoria?
Mark Twain
True or False: Victorian monarchy was less interventionist in politics
TRUE
True or False: Victoria herself saw politics as a male sphere
TRUE
True or False: Most Victorian PMs held aristocratic titles
TRUE
What were the 2 stages of Imperialism?
- Resource Based (1492-1870)
- New Imperialism (1870-1914)
What are Extraterritorial rights?
- British citizens are not subject to foreign laws, and thus have what would now be considered as diplomatic immunity
What is a Protectorate status?
- Where a sympathetic local ruler is put in charge on behalf of the British (Egypt)
Who were the “Little Englanders”?
- Those who opposed British imperialism
- They would question why they should invest money in white dominions like Canada, since they would simply declare independence soon enough
Who was a famous “Little Englander”?
Sir Richard Gladstone
Who was a famous Imperialist?
Benjamin Disraeli
What was Social Darwinism, and who promoted it?
- Social Darwinism → Herbert Spencer : Applied ideas from biology and evolution and applied them to peoples, states and nations
What is the “Whiteman’s Burden”, and who promoted the idea?
- The “Whiteman’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling’s poem → notes that the British have the burden of sustaining the rule of what he perceived as inferior races
What was “The Boy’s own paper, 1879-1967”?
- The British youth comic book and paper that told tales of daring adventures to promote the desire for adventure in exotic colonial lands as an administrator or soldier
What were the 7 motives for Imperialism?
- Capitalism
- Markets and Materials
- Nationalism
- Strategy: Balance of Power
- “Civilizing”
- Religion
- Emigration
What was the name of the famous missionary and explorer in Africa most famous for getting lost, and recovered safely by British-American explorer, Henry Morton Stanley?
David Livingston
- Upon finding him, Morton Stanley uttered the famous line, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
Define Jingoism:
Extreme patriotism or nationalism, often spurring an aggressive foreign policy
Which technologies made for British military superiority in the New Imperial period?
- Railways
- Steamships
- Hot air balloons
- Canon and Gatling guns
When was the battle of Isandlwana?
1879
Why did the British have interests in Egypt?
- To link the Mediterranean and Red seas to make the trip to India quicker
When was the Suez Canal finished? Who built it?
- 1869
- The French
What permits the Egyptian government to become independent?
European loans
What gave the British the excuse to invade Egypt?
- Egypt wouldn’t pay back its European creditors, and spent a lot on its army
- So, Egypt cuts its army, and there is a military revolt
What does Britain do after successfully invading Egypt?
- They establish a protectorate
- Create a naval base in Alexandria
- British army garrison is built in Cairo
- Egyptian cotton is used in the British textile industry
What was the Great Trek of 1835-37?
- When the Boers left South Africa after the British abolished slavery in 1833
What issues did the British have with the Boers?
- Boers controlled diamond and goldmines
- British subjects living in Boer territory were mistreated
- Boers are becoming more friendly with the Germans, even buying weapons from them
Who pioneered the idea of building a trans-African railway to connect the British Empire?
Cecil Rhodes
What strategy do the British adopt in the Boer War?
- They used scorched earth
- ## They imprison the Boer populace and place them in concentration camps
How many Boers are put into British camps?
100 000
How many Boers died in British concentration camps?
28 000
When was the Boer War?
1899-1902
When did Queen Victoria die?
1901
What is “Invasion Literature”?
- As early as German Unification in 1871, literature fearing a German invasion spikes in popularity
- Ex. The Book The Battle of Dorking (1871) by Sir. George Chesney begins the genre
What was the National Defense Act (1899)?
- An act stating that the British had to have more ships than the next closest two nations combined
Who created the HMS Dreadnought?
Admiral Sir John Fisher
True or False: In the 19th century, Britain followed a policy of isolation
TRUE
What was th 1902 Security Pact ?
- An Alliance between Japan and Britain
What was the 1904 Entente Cordiale?
- About smoothing Franco-English relations, particularly on colonial irritants
As early as _______, Britain and France host secret talks about strategy in a war against Germany.
1911
Define: Schlieffen Plan
- Germany’s plan to defeat France quick through a northern flanking attack through Belgium, then deal with the slow reacting Russians
What ultimatum do the British give the Germans at the onset of WWI?
- Britain issues an ultimatum to Germany not to violate Belgian neutrality
What is Kitchener’s “New Army” ?
- An all volunteer portion of the British Army, spurred largely by propaganda and enlistment initiatives
In what years do the British impose conscription during the First World War?
- 1916-18
True or False: In the first world war, most officers were middle to upper class
TRUE
What is the DORA (Defense of the Realm Act) (1914)?
- It gave sweeping powers to government
- Gov. now has the power to rule by decree
- Censored press
- Government control of private industries
- Limits the right to assemble and protest
- Curbs alcohol
Who famously opposed Britain’s participation in the First World War?
Bertrand Russell
True or False: Bertrand Russell also experienced a second prosecution in 1918, and received 6 months in prison for writing against the war, since it was deemed as undermining the war effort
TRUE
How many enemy aliens were interned in the First World War?
40 000
Why does the Royal Family change its name from the house of Saxe-Coburg Gotha to the House of Windsor?
- Because of Anti-German sentiment from the First World War
What is a by-election?
When an MP dies or is unable to sit in office, so there will be a replacement election
What was the Shell Scandal?
- Charge or accusation blaming the government for a shortage of armaments and shells
- So, the government becomes unpopular
- There was also a large portion of shells the British produced that were duds
What is a coalition government?
When representatives from both parties co-office the government
Why did the Liberals call for a coalition government in 1915?
- For fear of losing complete control due to unpopularity from the Shell Crisis
What was the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee?
- They send out commissioners to go house to house to inquire about possible recruits at heir homes
- They also encouraged women to shame their men into enlisting
To shame men who didn’t serve, women and recruitment officers would often hand out _________
White feathers
What was the downside to Pals Battalions?
- Whole villages could be wiped out of young men if a single battalion took heavy or full casualties
Define: Conchies
-Conscientious Objectors
How many men ended up successfully getting Conscientious exemptions in WWI?
10-20 000
True or False: During the First World War, the poor often didn’t get access to enough meat, fat, and calories, whereas the richer people did
TRUE
- A hotel got to serve 6-course meals to rich people, but the poor bore the brunt of war effort shortages and restrictions
- Store grocers would sell food meant to go to the war effort on the black market to rich people
What did the Munitions War Act, 1915 do?
- Curbs workers rights and prohibits striking
- Renders it illegal to change jobs without permission
Despite the Munitions War Act of 1915, who successfully manages to strike and get a raise?
Welsh Miners
