Week 5 Flashcards
Latanoprost (Xalatan)
Category, Primary function, features
Category: Prostaglandin analog
Primary function: lower IOP in pts w/glaucoma
Features: 1st line tx for glaucoma, effective as BBs, less SEs
Latanoprost MOA
Prostaglandin analogs lower IOP by facilitating outflow of aqueous humor by relaxing ciliary muscle
Cholinesterase Inhibitors prototype
Echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide)
Echothiophate
(Phospholine Iodide)
Function & Features
-Reduce IOP in glaucoma pts
- It’s the only cholinesterase inhibitor used in glaucoma
Echothiophate MOA
Inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine by cholinesterase leading to increased concentrations of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Results in miosis, focusing of the lens for near vision & reduction of IOP
True or False: Bacterial eye infections are the most common type of eye infection.
True
Fill in the blank: The most common symptom of eye infections is __________.
redness and irritation
What are the common types of eye infections?
Conjunctivitis, keratitis, and uveitis.
Which type of conjunctivitis is highly contagious?
Viral conjunctivitis.
What is a common treatment for bacterial eye infections?
Antibiotic eye drops or ointments.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of eye infections? A) Pain B) Discharge C) Increased vision D) Swelling
C) Increased vision
Short answer: Name one risk factor for developing eye infections.
Contact lens use.
True or False: All eye infections require antibiotic treatment.
False
What is the first step in the management of an eye infection?
Proper diagnosis by an eye care professional.
Fill in the blank: __________ is an inflammation of the cornea often caused by infection.
Keratitis
What is the role of antiviral medications in eye infections?
To treat viral infections such as herpes simplex keratitis.
Multiple choice: Which of the following can cause allergic conjunctivitis? A) Pollen B) Bacteria C) Viruses D) Fungi
A) Pollen
True or False: Eye infections can sometimes lead to systemic infections.
True
Fill in the blank: __________ is a type of eye infection that affects the inner part of the eye.
Uveitis
What symptom typically indicates a more severe eye infection?
Severe pain or vision loss.
Multiple choice: What is a common viral cause of conjunctivitis? A) Staphylococcus B) Adenovirus C) Streptococcus D) Candida
B) Adenovirus
What should be done if an eye infection does not improve with initial treatment?
Re-evaluation by an eye care professional.
True or False: Eye infections can be self-treated without professional guidance.
False
What is the importance of patient education in the management of eye infections?
To ensure compliance with treatment and prevent recurrence.
Fill in the blank: The use of __________ can help relieve discomfort in allergic conjunctivitis.
antihistamines
What is the role of corticosteroids in treating certain eye infections?
To reduce inflammation.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common symptom of keratitis? A) Itching B) Blurred vision C) Sneezing D) Fever
B) Blurred vision
What is the effect of prolonged contact lens wear on eye health?
Increased risk of eye infections.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Dorzolamide (Trusopt) MOA
Reduce IOP by inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye, which decreases the production of aqueous humor
Which med would a pt with glaucoma receive if they got no relief from Prostaglandin analogs or BBs AND is allergic to sulfa?
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide)
What eye drops are used in infants? Which are not?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are occasionally used, but systemic formulations are avoided due to SEs. Prostaglandin analogs and cholinesterase inhibitors are not used
What is otitis external? How does it present?
“swimmers ear” is an inflammation of the external auditory canal caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms: ear pain, pruritus, and discharge
What is otomycosis?
Fungal infection of the external auditory canal, mainly caused by aspergillus or candida species
Presenting signs of of otomycosis.
How is it treated?
- Itching and erythema
-thorough cleaning and application of acidifying drops or anti-fungal solutions
What causes Otitis Media ?
Fluid being trapped in the Eustachian tube in the middle ear, developing a bacterial infection
Otitis Media Symptoms
ear pain, sensation of fullness or pressure, hearing loss, fever and sometimes otorrhea if they tyrannic membrane is perforated or tympanovstomy tubes are present
Otits Externa Symptoms
ear pain, itching, redness inside the ear, feeling of fullness and purulent discharge. Increased pain when outer ear is touched or pulled
Common otits media pathogens
Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis
Common otitis externa pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphlococcus aureus
First line med for Otitis Media (OM)
Oral amoxicillin for 5-10 days
If PCN allergic- Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole, a cephalosporin (Cefdinir or Cefuroxime) if allergy isn’t severe. Azithromycin or clarithromycin if the allergy is severe
How to treat drug resistant OM
High dose amoxicillin (for S.pneumoniae) OR high dose amoxicillin/clavulanate or ceftriaxone or clindamycin (for H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis)
Otitis Externa (OE) treatment for 6-12 month old
Ciprofloxacin 0.3% plus dexamethasone 0.1% 4 drops Q 12hr
OE treatment
Ciprofloxacin w/hydrocortisone or dexamethasone drops can be given to pts w/or w/o TM perforation
OE treatment for pts 1yr and older
Ofloxacin otic 0.3% 5 drops BID
Treating OE in pts with comorbidities
Oral ciprofloxacin or cephalexin for pts under the age of 18 yrs
Treatment regimen for Otomycosis
Acidifying drops (2% acetic acid solution) 3-4 times daily x one week if treatment fails add 1% clotrimazole apply daily x 7 days
Carbamide peroxide- what is it used for
Carbamide peroxide 6.5%otic solution (Debrox) is used for removal of cerumen in cases of excessive buildup. NOT recommended for children
SEs of Carbamide peroxide
hypersensitivity and erythema
Contraindications for carbamide peroxide
Contraindicated in pts with perforated TM or ear discharge. Use w/caution in pts with dizziness
Carbamide peroxide dose
5-10 drops BID X 4 days
Recommend treatment for ear infections in pregnancy
Oral PCNs and cephalosporins
Treating OE infections in adults w/comorbidities
Oral Cipro
