week 5 Flashcards
Identify key bone landmarks of the clavicle (shoulder girdle)
- long bone
- provides only upper limb articulation (saddle synovial sternoclavicular joint) between the appendicular and axial skeleton. strong capsule and costoclavicular ligament.
- sternal (round) and acromial (flattened) ends
- distinct ‘S’ curvature
- roughened inferior surface and smooth superior surface.
Identify key bone landmarks of the scapula (shoulder girdle).
- flat bone
- significant muscle attachment
- spine of the scapula.
- acromion: bony projection. joint to clavicle via acromioclavicular ligament.
- coracoid: bony projection. joint to clavicle via coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid and conoid).
- fossae: broad flat surface
- glenoid fossa
Identify key bone landmarks of the Humerus (arm).
- long bone
- head
- neck (anatomical and surgical)
- tubercles (greater and lesser)
- bicipital/intertubecular groove
- epicondyles (lateral and medial)
- condyles (capitulum and trochlea)
What is the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and what supportive features make the joint more stable?
- ball and socket synovial joint
- large humeral head and shallow glenoid fossa (relatively incongruent)
- loose/unstable joint capsule
- specialised fibrocartilage called glenoid labrum which surrounds the glenoid fossa.
- rotator cuff muscles
- glenohumeral & coracohumeral ligaments.
Identify key bone landmarks of the ulna.
- olecranon process
- trochlear notch
- ulna tuberosity
- radial notch
- ulna collateral ligament (humerus)
- humeroulna hinge joint
- styloid process (sharp head)
Identify key bone landmarks of the radius.
- radial tuberosity
- ulna notch
- radial collateral ligament (humerus)
- humeroradial hinge joint.
- proximal radioulnar pivot joint and anular ligament of radius (allows for pronation and supination).
Identify the kew bone landmarks of the Radiocarpal Joint (wrist).
- condyloid/Ellipsoid (synovial) joint.
- Articular disc (triangular fibrocartilage) between ulna and carpals
- ligamentous support is very complex.
Identify the landmarks of the joints of the hand
- 8 carpal bones and 5 metacarpal bones
- intercarpal joints
- carpometacarpal joints
1st CMC joint - saddle joint (synovial) (thumb, most degenerative joint in the body)
2nd-5th CMC joints - Plane joints (synovial). - Opponens Pollicis muscle enables opposition in the thumb.
Identify the landmarks of the Joints of the fingers
- 14 phalanges
- metacarpophalangeal joints
- (condyloid joints (synovial))
- interphalangeal joint (thumb)
- hinge joints (synovial)
- commonly subluxated or dislocated
identify the major compartments and regions of the upper limb and deep fascia
- muscles are separated into compartments largely by intermuscular septa.
- Deep fascia surrounds all muscles.
- interosseous membrane: between ulna and radius to seperate muscles.
- bicepts brachii (long and short head - attaches to radial and ulna tuberosity - produces supination)
- coracobrachialis
- brachialis
- triceps brachii (long head, medial head, lateral head).
- all aspects of the triceps brachii cross over the posterior aspect of the elbow joint to attach onto the olecranon process and produce extension.
identify and name the major anterior and posterior axio-appendicular muscles
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- rhomboid minor/major
- levator scapulae
- serratus anterior
- pectoralis minor/major
identify, name and describe the basic functions of the scapulohumeral muscles and muscles of the arm.
- ‘rotator cuff’ muscles (supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus and teres minor (external rotation), subscapularis (internal rotation).
- blend with the joint capsule, compress humeral head into glenoid fossa.
- deltoid (broad fan from humerus to the scapula and clavicle, produces shoulder flexion, abduction and extension).
- teres major (attaches more anteriorly to humerus, produces internal rotation at the shoulder).
identify the basic muscle groups of the hand.
- thenar
- hypothenar
- interosseous
- opponens ollicis
deduce the basic actions of muscles in the forearm and hand given their anatomical relationship to joints.
- muscle attaches to carpals/metacarpals = wrist flexor/extensor
- muscle attaches to digits = finger flexor/extensor
- muscles distal attachement into radius = pronator
identify and name the major arteries and veins in the upper limb.
Arteries:
- transverse over the flexor side of joints
- anastomoses at joints
- subclavian artery, auxillary artery, brachial artery, ulnar and radial artery.
- brachial artery is occluded during blood pressure readings
- ulnar artery is the larger branch and principal supply for the forearm and hand.
- radial artery anastomoses (join) with ulnar artery via palmer arches and is easily palpable at the wrist.
Veins:
- superficial veins are highly variable, commonly visible, begin on posterior hand as ‘dorsal venous arch’, easily accessible (intravenous injections, blood samples).
- deep veins accompany major arteries (vena comitans), commonly two present either side of the respective artery.
- cephalic vein
- basilic vein
- median cubital vein
Lymphatic vessels:
- follow superficial veins
flow into axillary lymph nodes
