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microbio > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

most bacterial cells double by

A

binary fission

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2
Q

binary fission results in 2 mostly……products

A

identical

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3
Q

the next generation following binary fission shares the same….. and……

A

semi-conservative replicated DNA
aged cytoplasmic contents

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4
Q

no true …… cells, essentially two……cells

A

mother
daughter

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5
Q

two general categories of cell division

A

equal
unequal

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6
Q

true or false: binary fission is a type of unequal cell division

A

false, it’s the equal cell division process

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7
Q

3 different unequal cell division methods

A
  1. simple budding
  2. hyphal budding
  3. stalked cell division
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8
Q

budding cell division

A

unequal cell growth
forms 2 different products
clear “mother” and “daughter”

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9
Q

hyphal cell division

A

growth in long, thin filaments
gram + filamentous bacteria

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10
Q

stalked cell division

A

cell differentiates into non-motile
releases motile daughter cell

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11
Q

senescence

A

loss of a cell’s power of division and growth

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12
Q

caulobacter reproduction

A

stalked

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13
Q

gram - a-proteobacteria exhibit great…… in cell division forms

A

diversity

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14
Q

lateral elongation

A

grows from inside out

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15
Q

polar elongation

A

grows from ends

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16
Q

bacillus division

A

binary fission

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17
Q

streptomyces division

A

hyphal

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18
Q

how does binary fission work

A

proteins localize to poles + septum to guide elongation

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19
Q

how does hyphal growth work

A

proteins localize to the tip to guide elongation

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20
Q

how does stalked growth work

A

proteins localize to flagellar pole (old division site) which turns into a stalk n grows

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21
Q

divisome complex

A

consists of >20 proteins + FtsZ
constricts inner/outer membranes
synthesizes peptidoglycan @ division site

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22
Q

MinCDE complex

A

forms pole-to-pole oscillating system that pushes Z-ring formation to midcell

(inhibits FtsZ at poles)

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23
Q

Nucleoid Occulusion

A

works w/MinCDE complex to ensure good spatial + temporal regulation of chromosome segregation

prevents chromosome from being cut in half by division septum

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24
Q

elongasome

A

complex regulating + coordinating cell elongation

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25
Q

MreB

A

homolog of eukaryotic actin

forms linear filaments to help traffic protein complexes throughout the cell

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26
Q

MreB filaments run…… around the cell

A

latitudinally

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27
Q

RodZ

A

connects MreB to the rest of the elongasome

helps guide PBP around the cell to break/reform peptide crosslinks to make peptidoglycan

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28
Q

PBP

A

penicillin binding proteins

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29
Q

MreB and RodZ are found in……shaped cells

A

bacilli

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30
Q

deletion of MreB/RodZ genes results in……..

A

cocci

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31
Q

MreB and RodZ contribute to the…….shape

A

bacilli (rod)

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32
Q

true or false: in rods, elongation is occurring at one site probs at a pole

A

FALSE, is occurring at multiple sites within a cell

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33
Q

cocci cells lack…… which means elongation only happens in one location

A

MreB and RodZ

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34
Q

in cocci cells, elongation occurs at one site next to the……

A

FtsZ ring

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35
Q

caulobacter shape

A

kinda like crescents

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36
Q

caulobacter shape is due to…….

A

the localization of cresentin (protein) that is concentrated on one side of the cell

cresentin forms a rigid filament which limits growth on that side of the cell

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37
Q

features that allow prokaryotes to constantly replicate genes

A

no membrane-bound organelles
no nucleus
smaller, circular genomes
no mitosis/meiosis

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38
Q

main chromosomes vs. plasmids

A

main: where all essential genomic info is
plasmids: accessory info/extrachromosomal

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39
Q

bacteria and arches generally have……. shaped chromosomes

A

circular

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40
Q

microbial chromosomes are “streamlined,” meaning

A

less intergenic space, smaller regulatory regions than larger counterparts

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41
Q

in viruses and prokaryotes, the number of protein coding genes increases……. with genome size

A

linearly

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42
Q

in eukaryotes, genome size increases……of the number of protein coding genes

A

independent

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43
Q

prokaryotic genes are clustered in……

A

operons

44
Q

operons

A

transcriptional unit of multiple genes that will be transcribed on a single mRNA

45
Q

microbes can maintain……

A

plasmids

46
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosomal DNA that can be shared between bacteria sexually

47
Q

annotation

A

the description of genomic features

48
Q

4 main features described by annotation

A

origin/ terminus or replication

location of genes/ ORF

identification of gene products

location of mobile elements

49
Q

ORF

A

open reading frames

50
Q

circular bacterial genomes are replicated……

A

bidirectionally

51
Q

how many origins/termini of replication

A

1 and 1

52
Q

bacteria can maintain multiple……, allowing cell division to accur faster than genome replication

A

replication forks

53
Q

in high nutrient environments, bacterial genomes are replicating more……. and are functionally……

A

frequently; polyploid

54
Q

genes closer to oriC will be in……copy numbers than genes closer to ter

A

higher

55
Q

3 distinct phases during Slow Growth

A

cell Birth = B
Chromosome replication = C
cell Division = D

56
Q

cell birth phase

A

between end of cell division and beginning of replication

57
Q

DNA replication phase

A

“prokaryotic S-Phase”

58
Q

cell division

A

chromosomes are partitioned and prokaryotic cell divides

59
Q

during fast growth, cell cycle phases……

A

overlap

60
Q

3 Main Parts of DNA replication (in slow and fast growth)

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

61
Q

read depth

A

number of sequencing reads you have that map to a specific section of the genome

62
Q

replication can be visualized with…….

A

in situ hybridization

63
Q

fluorescent marker to the ori is the color…..

A

green

64
Q

fluorescent marker to the ter is the color…..

A

purple

65
Q

how is replication initiated?

A

binding of DnaA-ATP to DnaA boxes within oriC

66
Q

GATC motifs

A

contained in DnaA box
targets of adenine methylation

67
Q

immediately after replication, GATC motifs are……

A

hemi-mylated

68
Q

GATC are then semi-mylated until….

A

the enzyme dam methylase is able to methylate the new DNA strand

69
Q

methylation of the new DNA strand (by dam methylase) activates……

A

transcription of dnaA

70
Q

once the replication moves past oriC, DNA is again……

A

hemi-methylated

71
Q

when DNA is semi-methylated, dnaA expression is……and replication is……

A

repressed
paused

72
Q

SeqA

A

ori sequestration protein

73
Q

with ongoing replication and multiple ori’s, it takes…… for a critical number of DnaA-ATP to bind to dnaA boxes

A

longer

74
Q

prokaryotic primase

A

DnaG

75
Q

prokaryotic helices

A

DnaB

76
Q

prokaryotic polymerase for both strands

A

Pol III

77
Q

prokaryotic dimerization subunit

A

Tau (DnaX)

78
Q

…….. antibiotics interfere with DNA replication

A

quinolone

79
Q

quinolones get their name from their…..

A

quinolone-like backbone

80
Q

quinolones interfere with……topoisomerases like

A

DNA gyrase

81
Q

DNA gyrase

A

runs ahead of replication machinary
cuts into DNA double strands,
unwinding strands to relieve supercoil
re-ligating the double strands back together

82
Q

how do quinolone’s interfere w/replication

A

bind to DNA gyrase after the cut is made,
preventing DNA gyrase from repairing the cut
replication machinery then collides with stalled gyrase, results in cell death

83
Q

MIC

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
minimum concentration needed of drug to inhibit bacterial growth

84
Q

E. coli has how many DNA polymerases?

A

5

85
Q

e.coli dna polymerases vary based on….and….

A

number of subunits
exonuclease function

86
Q

the main replicative polymerase

A

dna Pol III

87
Q

DNA pol I

A

single subunit
gap fills Okazaki fragments

88
Q

DNA pol II

A

single subunit
backs up Pol III subunit a
restarts replication at stalled forks

89
Q

DNA Pol III

A

elongates DNA

90
Q

DNA Pol IV and V

A

error prone polymerases
help bypass lesions from DNA damage
SOS response
job is to lay down nucleotides and prevent cell death

91
Q

ter

A

= terminus of replication
location where replication forks converge

92
Q

replication fork traps

A

terA-terJ
allow replication fork to enter but not leave
prevent collision and regulate termination

93
Q

replication forks are trapped by….

A

binding of Tus proteins to the multiple ter loci

94
Q

the shape of Tus allows the fork to…..

A

pass in one direction but not the other

95
Q

replication forks meet in middle of Tus proteins and are decatenated in order to…..

A

segregate into daughter cells during cell division

96
Q

chromosome segregation

A

required so daughter cell gets copy of genome
required for septum formation

97
Q

Par system

A

partitioning system
in many bacteria,
distributes decatenated chromosomes and plasmids equally

98
Q

nucleotide content is…… between the leading strand and lagging strand

A

asymmetric

99
Q

leading strand biased toward…….and…….

A

guanine
thymine

100
Q

lagging strand biased toward……and…..

A

adenine
cytosine

101
Q

location of oriC and terC can be estimated by…..

A

GC skew

102
Q

oriC: skew changes from…to..

A

C to G
up to down

103
Q

terC: skew changes from…to…

A

G to C
down to up

104
Q

Mutational Theory

A

cytosine is not preferred in leading strain because of spontaneous deamination of C—> T

coding strand is single stranded more often than template strand = thus vulnerable to C—>T mutation

105
Q

Codon Bias Theory

A

in prokaryotes, G is more common in the +3 (wobble) position of codons than C

this results in more G’s on the leading strand

microbio (5 decks)

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