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BIO102 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

Full genetic information

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

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3
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two, joined copies of duplicated chromosome

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4
Q

What links sister chromosomes

A

Attached across full length initially by cohesions. Attached most closely at centromeres.

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5
Q

What happens in G1

A

Cell growth

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6
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA synthesis replication

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7
Q

What happens in G2

A

Chromosomes not condensed, two centrosomes formed. More cell growth and duplication of organelles.

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8
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense.
Nucleolus disappears.
Mitotic spindle and asters begin to form.
Centrosomes begin movement to opposite ends of cell.

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9
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Microtubule fibres and associated proteins

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10
Q

What is the role of a centrosomes.

A

Spindle microtubules start at centrosomes.
Each centrosomes contains a pair of centrioles.

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11
Q

Asters

A

Short microtubules extending from centrosomes.

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12
Q

Prometaphase

A

Chromosomes condense further.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
Kinetochore formed on each centromere.

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13
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Attach to each Kinetochore. Sister chromatids interact with Kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles.

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14
Q

Non Kinetochore microtubules

A

Interact with those from opposite poles

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate.
Centrosomes are at opposite poles.
Asters contact plasma membrane.

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cell.
Cell elongates from non kinetochore microtubules lengthen and walk away from each other by moter proteins.

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17
Q

How to chromosomes move to opposite poles

A
  1. Mother proteins walk them along microtubules
  2. Moter proteins reel in microtubules
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18
Q

How are sister chromatids separated

A

Cohesion proteins cleaved by separase

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19
Q

Telophase

A

2 nuclei form in cell.
Nucleoli reappear.

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20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm is divided to produce 2 daughter cells.

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21
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells.

A

Cleavage.
Pinching of plasma membrane
Mediated by contractile ring of actin filaments associating with myosin.

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22
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Vesicles line up on metaphase plate, contain cell walk materials and form a new cell wall.

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23
Q

How do prokaryotes divide.

A

Binary fission.
Cell enlargement occurs concurrently with dna replication and portioning of newly replicated chromosomes between cell poles.
Cytokinesis occurs through pinching of cell membrane.

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24
Q

What is a checkpoint

A

Progression is stopped by stop signals until overridden by go~ahead signals.

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25
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Should division occur

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26
Q

G0

A

Non dividing stage (sometimes reversible), left cell cycle

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27
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Checks DNA integrity

28
Q

M checkpoint

A

Checks all sister chromatids are attached to Kinetochore microtubules

29
Q

Cyclin dependent protein kinases Cdks

A

Protein kinases only active when bound to an appropriate cyclin molecule

30
Q

Cyclin

A

A molecule whose concentration fluctuates throughout the cell cycle

31
Q

Maturation promoting factor (MPF)

A

A Cyclin complex involved in the G2 checkpoint

32
Q

Growth factors

A

Proteins released by certain cells to stimulate others to divide

33
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

Crowded cells stop dividing due to binding of cell-surface proteins of adjacent cells

34
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Division in most animal cells require they be attached to a solid surface

35
Q

Transformation

A

Conversion of normal animal cell into cancer cell

36
Q

Begnin tumour

A

Cancer cells with too few mutations to survive at another bodily sight

37
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Cells capable of spreading to new tissues

38
Q

HeLa cells

A

Came from Henrietta lacks

39
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

40
Q

Variation

A

Differences between members of a species

41
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

42
Q

Gene

A

Stretch of dna encoding a specific rna or protein

43
Q

Locus loci

A

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome

44
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Single parent produces clones through mitosis

45
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two parents produce offspring with unique combinations of genes from two parents. Involves meiosis and fertilization.

46
Q

Somatic cells

A

Normal cells, diploid

47
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells, haploid, egg and sperm

48
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Carry same genes at same loci, but may carry different alleles.

49
Q

Karyotype

A

Display of chromosomes pairs in cell arranged by size and shape

50
Q

How many chromosomes in humans

A

22 pairs of autosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y pair

51
Q

Imagine you are studying a species whose gametes contain 12 chromosomes. How many DNA molecules would be found in somatic cells of this species during prometaphase of mitosis?

A

48

52
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of gametes (n) and fusion of nuclei to produce a zygote (2n)

53
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Meiosis produces haploid spores that undergo mitosis to produce multicellular haploid
Gametes are produced by metosis in multicellular haploid organism
Fertilization produces zygote that undergoes mitosis to produce multicellular diploid

54
Q

Most fungi and some protists sexual life cycle

A

Fertilization produces zygote, undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells
Haploid cells undergo mitosis to produce unicellular descendants or multicellular haploid
Gametes produced from haploid cells by mitosis.

55
Q

In humans do exzygotes receive more DNA from the sperm or egg gamete? What about xy zygotes?

A

Xx_ egg, mitochondrial dnaall from egg xy _ egg mitochondrial DNA all from egg and the x chromosome is larger than the y chromosome

56
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis

A

4 haploid cells.

57
Q

Meiosis I goal

A

Separate homologous chromosomes produces 2 haploid cells

58
Q

Prophasel

A

Chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nuclear envelope breaks down, homologous chromosomes loosely associate with loci aligned (tetrad)
Non-sister chromatids break at corresponding points and homologues held together by synaptonemal complex in a process called synopsis
Broken non-sister chromatids are co infected and exchange DNA through crossing over
Synaptonemal complex disassociates resulting in chasm (chiasmata)
Spindle microtubules connect to sinetochores

59
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologues at metaphase plate
Each attached to spindle microtubules from opposite poles

60
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Cohesions breakdown along chromosome arms homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles

61
Q

Telophase 1

A

Produce 2 haploid cells each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatid

62
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Equivalent to mitosis
Sister chromatid are not identical

63
Q

Independent assortment

A

Alignment of each pair of homologues is independent of other pairs

64
Q

Random fertilization

A

Any egg and sperm can fuse

65
Q

Crossing over

A

Produces recombinant chromosomes with unique set of alleles.

BIO102 (1 decks)

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