Week 5

Question 1

definition of epidemiology

Answer 1

study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

Question 2

define endemic

Answer 2

An endemic is a disease outbreak that is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable (malaria)

Question 3

define epidemic

Answer 3

unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area

(yellow fever, measles, polio)

Question 4

define pandemic

Answer 4

worldwide epidemic

Question 5

define prevalence

Answer 5

proportion of persons in a population who have disease of interest at a given point or period of time

Question 6

define incidence

Answer 6

average percentage of unaffected persons who will develop disease of interest during a given period of time

Question 7

descriptive studies are based on:

Answer 7

observation

Question 8

descriptive studies look at _______ and _________

involve case ____, case _____ and ______ studies

Answer 8

populations and individuals

reports, series, cross sectional

Question 9

analytic studies involve _____ and _____ studies

_______ vs _______

Answer 9

cohort (group of people), intervention (clinical trials, ultimate goal is to stop the disease)

retrospective (today and back) vs prospective (today and forward)

Question 10

define sensitivity

Answer 10

proportion of subjects with disease who test positive

Question 11

define specificity

Answer 11

proportion of subjects without disease who test negative

Question 12

how to calculate sensitivity and specificity

Answer 12

sensitivity: (positive with disease/total)

specificity (negative without disease/total)

Question 13

define odds ratio

Answer 13

ratio of the odds that cases were exposed to the odds that controls were exposed

Question 14

how to calculate odds ratio

Answer 14

Question 15

odds ratio >1:

odds ratio < 1:

odds ratio = 1:

Answer 15

harmful

protective

no association

Question 16

Papillary-MarginalAttachment (PMA) Index

Schour & Massler 1948

___ - absence of inflammation

____– presence of inflammation

Massler 1967

P – scale ___-___

M, A –scale __-___

Answer 16

0

1

0-5

0-3

Question 17

Gingival Index

Loe & Silness 1963

0 =

1 =

2 =

3 =

Answer 17

normal

mild inflammation, no BOP

moderate inflammation, BOP

severe inflammation, spontaneous bleeding

Question 18

Plaque Index

Silness & Loe 1964

0 =

1 =

2 =

3 =

Answer 18

0 = no plaque

1 = a film of plaque recognized only by probe

2 = moderate accumulation can be seen by eye

3 = abundance of soft matter

Question 19

Periodontal Index

Russell 1956

0 =

1 =

2 =

(4) =

6 =

8 =

Answer 19

0 = negative

1 = mild gingivitis

2 = gingivitis, circumscribes the tooth

(4) = early resorption of alveolar crest on radiograph

6 = gingivitis with pocket formation

8 = advanced destruction of periodontium

Question 20

Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)

WHO 1977

0 =

1 =

2 =

3 =

4 =

Answer 20

0 – health

1 – bleeding on probing

2 – calculus presence, PD < 3.5 mm

3 – PD 4-5 mm

4 – PD > 6 mm

Question 21

define risk factors

Answer 21

Distinctive characteristics or exposures that increase the probability of developing periodontal disease

Question 22

Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease

Answer 22

Bacterial plague

Age

Gender

Race

Smoking

Systemic diseases

Question 23

Prevalence of Gingivitis

Highest prevalence occurs during ____-___ y/o group then gradually decreasing through ____-____ y/o group

____% aged 13 and older had at least one gingival bleeding site

Answer 23

13-17

35-44

54%

Question 24

Prevalence of Periodontitis

Aggressive periodontitis

Adolescents ~ ____-____% (1986-87)

Greater in black or whites?

greater in black males or females?

greater in white females or white males?

Answer 24

0.13-0.53%

black

black males

white females

Question 25

Prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis

Attachment loss increasing with ____

Maxillary ____ and mandibular _____ more likely have attachment loss

Answer 25

age

molars, incisors