Week 4 - ROM and Stretching

Question 1

Range of motion (ROM)

Answer 1

A measure of the full motion possible of a limb or joint

Question 2

Active range of motion (AROM)

Answer 2

The movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles that cross that joint

Question 3

Active assistive range of motion (AAROM)

Answer 3

A type of AROM in which manual or mechanical assistance is provided by an outside force because the prime movers need the assistance

Question 4

Passive range of motion (PROM)

Answer 4

Movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force; there is little to no voluntary muscle contraction

Question 5

Self-assisted ROM (S-ROM)

Answer 5

PROM or A-AROM achieved through a variety of devices or use of an uninvolved extremity

Question 6

Continuous passive motion (CPM)

Answer 6

Passive motion performed by a mechanical device that moves a joint slowly and continuously through a controlled ROM.

Question 7

Mobility

Answer 7

The ability of body structures or segments to move so that range of motion (ROM) for functional activities is allowed.

Question 8

Flexibility

Answer 8

Ability to rotate a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted, pain-free ROM.

Question 9

Dynamic flexibility

Answer 9

The extent to which an active muscle contraction can rotate a joint through its available ROM. Dynamic flexibility depends on the ability of a muscle to contract through the ROM and on the degree and quality of tissue extensibility

Question 10

Passive flexibility

Answer 10

The extent to which a joint can be passively rotated through its available ROM and depends on the extensibility of soft tissues that cross and surround a joint. Passive flexibility is a prerequisite for—but does not ensure—dynamic flexibility.

Question 11

Hypomobility

Answer 11

Decreased mobility or restricted motion at a single joint or series of joints.

Question 12

Hypermobility

Answer 12

Excessive mobility of a single joint or series of joints.

Question 13

Contracture

Answer 13

Adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon unit and other soft tissues that cross or surround a joint, resulting in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limited ROM

Question 14

Tightness

Answer 14

Describes restricted motion due to adaptive shortening of soft tissue, in particular mild muscle shortening

Question 15

Muscle tightness

Answer 15

Used to denote adaptive shortening of the contractile and noncontractile elements of muscle

Question 16

Contraction

Answer 16

The process of active tension developing in a muscle during shortening or lengthening

Question 17

Myostatic (myogenic) contracture

Answer 17

Contracture with no specific muscle pathology present. From a morphological perspective, although there may be a reduction in the number of sarcomere units in series, there is no decrease in individual sarcomere length. Myostatic contractures can be resolved in a relatively short time with stretching exercises.

Question 18

Pseudomyostatic contracture

Answer 18

A contracture that is the result of hypertonicity (i.e., spasticity or rigidity) associated with a central nervous system lesion. Muscle spasm or guarding and pain may also cause a pseudomyostatic contracture. In both situations, the involved muscles appear to be in a constant state of contraction, giving rise to excessive resistance to passive stretch.

Question 19

Arthrogenic contracture

Answer 19

A contracture that is the result of intra-articular pathology. These changes may include adhesions, synovial proliferation, joint effusion, irregularities in articular cartilage, or osteophyte formation.

Question 20

Periarticular contracture

Answer 20

Develops when connective tissues that cross or attach to a joint or the joint capsule lose mobility, restricting normal arthrokinematic motion.

Question 21

Fibrotic contracture

Answer 21

Fibrous changes in the connective tissue of muscle and periarticular structures can cause adherence of these tissues and subsequent development of a contracture. Although it is possible to stretch a fibrotic contracture and eventually increase ROM, it is often difficult to re-establish optimal tissue length, making the changes irreversible.

Question 22

Elastic

Answer 22

Returns to its pre-stretch resting length directly after a short-duration stretch force is removed

Question 23

Viscoelastic

Answer 23

A time-dependent property of soft tissue. A viscoelastic tissue initially resists deformation, such as a change in length, when a stretch force is applied but will slowly lengthen if the force is sustained. The viscoelastic tissue will gradually return to its pre-stretch configuration after the stretch force is removed

Question 24

Plasticity

Answer 24

The tendency of soft tissue to assume a new and greater length after a stretch force is removed

Question 25

Stretch

Answer 25

Be made or be capable of being made longer or wider without tearing or breaking.

Question 26

Passive stretching

Answer 26

When the patient is as relaxed as possible during the stretch

Question 27

Assisted stretching

Answer 27

If the patient assists in moving the joint through a greater range

Question 28

Self-Stretching

Answer 28

Any stretching exercise that is carried out independently by a patient after instruction and supervision by a therapist

Question 29

Static stretching

Answer 29

Soft tissues are elongated just beyond the point of tissue resistance and then held in the lengthened position with a sustained stretch force over a period of time

Question 30

Dynamic stretching

Answer 30

Controlled movement through the active ROM for each joint

Question 31

Ballistic stretching

Answer 31

A rapid, forceful intermittent stretch—that is, a high-velocity and high-intensity stretch

Question 32

Cyclic (Intermittent) Stretching

Answer 32

A relatively short-duration stretch force that is repeatedly but gradually applied, released, and then reapplied multiple times during a single treatment session is described as a cyclic (intermittent) stretch

Question 33

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

Answer 33

A form of flexibility training, which involves both the stretching and contracting of the muscle group being targeted.

Question 34

Neurodynamics

Answer 34

Movement of the nervous system in relationship to the musculoskeletal system. It has been shown that the nerves move independently from other tissues.

Question 35

Neural mobilization

Answer 35

Techniques used to improve or restore nerve tissue mobility