Week 4: Respiratory Flashcards
Deviated septum
Mostly caused by trauma in the nose
What to do with a nasal fracture
Make sure patient can breathe, and ascertain that hemorrhage and leakage of CSF are not present
Types of allergic rhinitis
Seasonal and perennial (pets)
What is acute viral rhinopharyngitis
the common cold in the URI
What does acute sinusitis cause
pain over affected sinus, purulent nasal drainage
What does chronic sinusitis cause
does not cause severe pain and purulent drainage.
What is a complication of acute pharyngitis and how to treat it
-Peritonsillar abscess
-Tx: IV antibiotics, needle aspiration, drainage, surgery
What can form on the vocal cords because of vocal abuse or irritation
laryngeal polyps
What is pertussis
violent coughing
Aspiration pneumonia
occurs from abnormal entry of secretions or substances in lower airway
What is a lung abscess
Necrotic lesion of the lung that contains pus
-Tx: Clindamycin
What is atelectasis
collapsed, airless alveoli
Most common cause of atelectasis
airway obstruction that results from retained exudates and secretions.
Pleural effusion
Collection of fluid in pleural space
-it is the sign of another disease
What is transudative effusion
non-inflammatory conditions, an accumulation of protein poor cell-poor fluid
Exudative effusion
Accumulation of protein rich fluid and cells in an area of inflammation
What is empyema
pleural effusion that contains pus
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
chronic inflammation and formation of scar tissue in connective tissue
What is sarcoidosis
chronic multisystem granulomatous (clusters of granulomas or inflamed tissue)
What is flail chest
fracture of 3 or more ribs in 2 or more separate locations
What is pneumothorax
air in the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse
-can result from closed or open chest trauma
-no lungs sounds
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Rupture of small blebs (air-filled sacs)
What is latrogenic pneumothorax
laceration or puncture of lung during medical procedure
What is tension pneumothorax
rapid accumulation of air in pleural space causing high intrapleural pressures, placing tension on heart
What is chylothorax
lymphatic fluid in pleural space caused by leak in thoracic duct
What is pulmonary edema and what causes it
-fluid in alveoli and interstitial spaces of lungs
-left sided HF
What is pulmonary embolism and what causes it
-blockage of pulmonary arteries by thrombus, fat, or air, or tumor tissue
-most common cause is thrombi in deep veins of legs
Diagnosis test for PE
Spiral CT scan
What is pneumoconiosis
disease caused by inhalation and retention of mineral or metal dust particles
What is TNM staging for cancer
T: extent of tumor
N: spread to lymph nodes
M: metastasize
Non-small cell lung cancer
-84% of lung cancers
-Staged by TNM system
Small cell lung cancer
-13% of lung cancers
-Systemic
What is bronchiectasis
permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi
-destroys elastic and muscular structures supporting bronchial wall
Hallmark of bronchiectasis
-persistent or recurrent cough
-production of large amounts of purulent sputum (may exceed 500mL/day)
Gold standard for dx of bronchiectasis
CT
What is cystic fibrosis
altered function of exocrine glands, producing airway obstruction and increase in mucous production
What does CF progress to
A restrictive lung disease bc of fibrosis, lung destruction, and thoraic wall changes
Test for CF
sweat chloride test
How is airflow limited in asthma
-bronchoconstriction
-edema in airways
-hyperactivity
What is status asthmaticus
severe asthma attack that is unresponsive to tx
Dx of asthma
spirometry, peak flow variability
LABAs
never use alone, combine with ICS
What is one goal for someone with asthma
maintaining greater than 80% of personal best PEFR
What causes airflow limitation in COPD
loss of elastic recoil and airflow obstruction from mucus hypersecretion, mucosal edema, and bronchospasm
Diagnosis of COPD
spirometry and FEV1/FVC of less than 70%
Signs of respiratory distress
retractions, nasal flaring, grunting, VS
Risks for spontaneous pneumothorax
being a tall, skinny, man, and also smoking
What will a chest x-ray show in someone with pneumonia
consolidation of white spots
What drug is used for TB
-Rifampin: causes orange secretions
-Isoniazid: damages liver
Most common complication of influenza
- Pneumonia
- Ear infection
- Sinus infection
What to teach about pet allergies
- remove animal
- Clean
- inspect improvement in 1-2 weeks
2 types of flu vaccines
-inactivated
-live attenuated
3 frequency of symptom descriptions for allergic rhinitis
- Episodic
- Intermittent
- Persistent
Pseudoephedrine side effects
tachycardia, palpitations, seizures, CNS depression
TB classifying
0- no exposure
1- exposure, no infection
2- latent TB, no disease
3- clinically active
4- TB but not clinically active
5- TB suspect
