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Ethics in Nursing > Week 4: Professional, ethical and legal obligations in nursing: a critical appraisal > Flashcards

Week 4: Professional, ethical and legal obligations in nursing: a critical appraisal Flashcards

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1
Q

Philosophical study of morality

A

ethics

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2
Q

Standards or beliefs that a person holds concerning what is right and wrong

A

morals

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3
Q

An ideal that has significant meaning or importance to an individual, group or society

A

values

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4
Q

What are the three types of values we learned about?

A

Personal values
Professional nursing values
Organizational values

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5
Q

name the value based on the description:
A - ideals upheld by the nursing profession
B - Ideals you hold near and dear to yourself
C - Ideals from your organization

A

A - Professional nursing values
B - personal values
C - organizational values

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6
Q

Arise in situations in which our actions or those others are at odds with our beliefs

A

values conflict

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7
Q

The process of becoming more conscious of and naming what one values or considers worthy

A

values clarification

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8
Q

What is the purpose of value clarification?

A

increases our awareness of ourselves and assists us in making choices (especially good when faced with ethical dilemmas)

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9
Q

Name the ethics type (normative vs. non-normative) based on the description
A - value-based judgements
B - value-neutral
C - Focuses on what is right and wrong and what should we do in different situations
D - Doesn’t take a position
E - Description and fact-based

A 
A - normative
B - non-normative
C - normative
D - non-normative
E - non-normative
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10
Q

Different naming conventions for normative ethics

A

guiding ethics

prescriptive

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11
Q

Situations in which there are conflicts between one or more values and uncertainty about the correct course of action

A

ethical problems

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12
Q

Arise when there are equally compelling reasons for and against two or more possible courses of action

A

Ethical dilemma

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13
Q

Occurs when a nurse feels a lack of clarity or indecision, or is even unable to know what the moral problem is, while at the same time feeling uneasy or uncomfortable

A

ethical and moral uncertainty

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14
Q

Cases where even if you had all the empirical evidence, you would still not know what to do

A

ethical/moral uncertainty

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15
Q

the emotional and psychological pain that occurs when ‘one knows the right thing to do but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action

A

moral distress

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16
Q

Occurs in situations when you feel that you cannot fulfill your ethical obligations and commitments

A

moral distress

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17
Q

Belief that there are no universal standards or right and wrong; something considered right in one society could be considered wrong in another

A

ethical relativism

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18
Q

Belief that human beings share fundamental principles of right and wrong but that there is much diversity in how they are applied

A

ethical universalism

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19
Q

Values as a means to an end

A

instrumental value

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20
Q

Things that are not merely instrumental but have value in and of themselves

A

intrinsic value

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21
Q

In instrumental value, the emphasis is on the _______; in intrinsic value, the emphasis is on the ______.

A

outcome

process

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22
Q

Morality is about producing good consequences, outcomes or results, not having good intentions.

A

utilitarianism

23
Q

Utilitarianism:

- we should do whatever will bring the most _____ to the ______ people

A

benefit, most

24
Q

Utilitarianism is morally demanding for two reasons, what are they?

A

1 - asks us to do the most, to maximize utility, not the minimum
2 - asks us to set aside personal interests

25
Q

Looks at the good and bad consequences of each individual act and calculates utility each time the act is performed

A

Act utilitarianism

26
Q

Looks at the consequences of having everyone follow a particular rule and calculates the overall utility of accepting or rejecting the rule

A

rule utiliarianism

27
Q

What are the arguments against act utilitarians (by rule utilitarians)?

A

Takes too long

not consistent or fair - can justify disobeying important moral rules/violating individual rights

28
Q

what are the arguments against rule utilitarians (by act utilitarians)?

A

Rule worship - basically goes against maximizing utility

Act utilitarians can still use rules of thumb for pressing situations

29
Q

What are the criticisms of utilitarianism?

A

1 - Impractical - too many opinions
2 - How to measure utility - no consensus
3 - Justice - not just - what happens to the rest of the world

30
Q

Duty based ethics; What matters is the kind of action it is according to moral rules or principles, rather than the action’s consequences

A

Deontological theory

31
Q

Most influential deontologist

A

Immanuel Kant

32
Q

Unconditional obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person’s inclination or purpose

A

categorical imperative

33
Q

A central idea in many deontological theories is the idea of ______.

A

autonomy

34
Q

Anyone who acts to give voice to different female perspectives, attempts to balance or integrate male and female thinking, or who promotes feminine over masculine views.

A

Feminist

35
Q

Common thread of feminism?

A

Changing the distribution and use of power

Stopping the oppression of women

36
Q

Feminist ethics:

  • centers around the fact that scientific thinking and philosophy have been largely ____-dominant
  • historically rare for women to be ______ or influence _____ and ______ thought
  • reject _______ assumptions about autonomy (i.e. women have limited autonomy)
  • argue that humans are fundamentally ________ (rather than rational)
  • concerned with women’s issues (e.g. abortion, surrogacy, etc.)
A

male
educated, social, political
liberal
relational

37
Q

Suggests that women and men make ethical choices based on a different set of values, perceptions and concerns

A

feminine ethics

38
Q

Feminine ethics:

  • greater interest in ______, ______ and desires
  • _____ and ______ are seen as key indicators of right action
  • when faced with a moral issue, women tend to use _______ form of reasoning and tend to seek out solutions where the needs of ____ parties are met
A

values, feelings
emotion, intuition
empathetic, all

39
Q

Asserts that men and women make ethical decisions differently

A

justice vs care

40
Q

Concerns for fairness, rights and rules

A

ethics of justice

41
Q

focus is on understanding responsibilities and relationships, empathy and caring

A

ethics of care

42
Q

CNA code of ethics:

- outlines _ core nursing values

A

7

43
Q

CNA code of ethics

  1. Providing ____, compassionate, competent and ______ care
  2. Promoting ____ and ____-_____
  3. Promoting and respecting _______ _______ _______
  4. Honouring ______ (includes boundaries)
  5. Maintaining ______ and _________
  6. Promoting _____
  7. Being __________
A 
safe, ethical
health, well-being
informed decision making
dignity
privacy and confidentiality
justice
accountable
44
Q

When providing care, nurses do not discriminate on the basis of race, ethinicty, culture, political and spirituals beliefs, social or marital status, etc.

A

Promoting justice

45
Q

Includes the right to the information necessary to make choices and to consent to or refuse care

A

client choice/self-determination

46
Q

What are some limits to choice?

A

Incompetence/incapacity
endangering self or others
laws
policies

47
Q

human life is precious and needs to be respected, protected and treated with consideration

A

respect for life

48
Q

limited access to a person, the person’s body, conversations, bodily functions or objects immediately associated with the person

A

privacy

49
Q

involves keeping personal information private

A

confidentiality

50
Q

Refers to allocating limited health care resources on the basis of objective health factors

A

fairness

51
Q

How does one work through ethical situations?

A

Assess
plan
implement
Evaluate

52
Q

Name the step based on the description:
o Take stock of all aspects; knowledge of family, values of patient, HCPS, etc.
o Consider all codes of ethics
o Discuss with everyone involved

A

plan

53
Q

Name the step based on the description:

provide support and information as needed to all involved in the situation

A

implement

54
Q

Name the step based on the description:

consequences, outcomes

A

evaluate

Ethics in Nursing (12 decks)

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