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CRIM 355 > Week 4 - Positive Identification > Flashcards

Week 4 - Positive Identification Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

most conclusive way to identify
unique
need comparison DNA - from parents or siblings

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2
Q

types of dna

A

nuclear - almost all cells, from both parents
mitochondrial - from mother

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3
Q

problem with dna

A

parents who have two children that are missing - cannot differentiate between them
only way is if the child had children themselves

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4
Q

sources of dna - live person

A

nuclear - any nucleated cells - white blood cells, buccal smear, hair follicle
mtDNA - all above and hair shaft

bone marrow transplant - bloods dna will be different

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5
Q

sources of DNA - dead person

A

fresh body - blood, tissue, hair root
decomposed or skeletonized - bone marrow, teeth (dentine under enamel)
mtDNA - hair shafts

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6
Q

DNA comparison

A

unknown body gives DNA profile
compare DNA from body with premorten record of tentative ID person

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7
Q

DNA databank

A

certain offenders - rape, murder
finger prick or buccal swab
DNA taken in investigation not used in bank - second sample taken after - investigation samples destroyed (fingerprints not unless asked)

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8
Q

Other premortem dna

A

most women have DNA on record - pap smears

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9
Q

positive ID

A

can only be one person
done after tentative ID to confirm

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10
Q

methods of positive ID

A

Visual identification, fingerprints, dental records, x-rays, medical x-rays, dna, video superimposition, circumstantial

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11
Q

visual identification

A

most common, least scientific
family and friends
only used with fresh bodies unless there is a specific feature

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12
Q

fingerprints

A

old technique
unique
environmentally determined in utero

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13
Q

fingerprints at scene

A

latent prints
individualization - its your fingerprint
identification - its A fingerprint

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14
Q

three principles of fingerprints

A

individual characteristics are unique
unchanged throughout life
ridge patterns can be classified

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15
Q

what are prints made from

A

oils and sweat on skin

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16
Q

fingerprint individualization

A

examination of minutiae ridge characteristics - 150 per print
suspect print may be partial
no specific number of characteristics needed
officer making final say is subjective

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17
Q

levels of detail

A

pattern - whorl, arch, loop (classification)
minutiae - fine lines on print used for comparison
sweat pores within minutiae

quality depends on - surface, sweat, recovery time, technique used

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18
Q

problems with fingerprints

A

must have premortem record
can get prints from home - but difficult

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19
Q

decomposing remains and prints

A

if skin comes off - wear as glove
fingers can be rehydrated

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20
Q

dental records and x-rays

A

considered unique
differences in wear, rotation, root shape, fillings, extractions
used as signature in old days

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21
Q

dental evidence

A

compare premortum with postmortum record
may not be accurate because teeth can fall out..
teeth preserve well

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22
Q

problems with dental evidence

A

need premortum records
no centralized database
dentist dont keep records forever

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23
Q

medical x-rays

A

broken bones, fracture records, healing patterns

implanted devices - serial numbers

sinus shape is unique

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24
Q

medical records

A

written details, height, weight, surgeries, scars

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25
Q

video superimposition

A

match photo of tentative ID to skull
done by anthropologists
angle must be identical
easier to eliminate than ID

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26
Q

circumstantial

A

may be only method available

if a male, age 70, 150cm tall found dead in home, and apartment is owned by someone of this description, its likely him

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27
Q

circumstantial ID and population

A

if 4 men shared the house - different
closed population - one child on plane, plane crash, child bones found
white man in africa in 1800s

28
Q

ID of children

A

difficult
little or no dental work, x-rays
small bones - not yet ossified
easily scattered and lost
sex - not until puberty, age - range, height - grow in spurts

29
Q

medical cause of death

A

trauma, disease, or event that resulted in death
physiological process
stabbed - blood loss
strangled - asphyxiation

30
Q

mode of death

A

instrument used
knife, rope

31
Q

ways to discover cause of death

A

autopsy, history of death, witness statements, medical records, scene

32
Q

clinical/hospital autopsy

A

confirms diagnoses, presence and extent of disease, medical conditions, did treatment work

33
Q

forensic autopsy

A

cause of death, manner of death

34
Q

three parts of autopsy

A

external exam
internal exam
toxicology

35
Q

external autopsy

A

overview of body, clothing, biological profile, under fingernails, classify injuries if they match clothes, type of injury

36
Q

internal autopsy

A

examine organs
digestive tract - medication
microscopic examination

37
Q

toxicology

A

blood, urine, bile, stomach contents
blood - several areas due to postmortem redistribution of drugs

38
Q

wound interpretation

A

description - soft or hard tissue
measure
shape - of weapon
type
size, depth, hilt mark

39
Q

incised trauma

A

sharp force
stab - deeper
cut - longer

40
Q

blunt force trauma

A

contusion - bruise
laceration - open wound, broken skin, tissue bridges
non sharp - bat

41
Q

wound details

A

angle - weapon path
defence wounds
same weapon can have different wounds

42
Q

manner of death

A

homicide, suicide, accidental, natural, undetermined

43
Q

wound characteristics and manner of death

A

accident - mode near
suicide - weapon to hand
location of wounds - can victim reach

44
Q

knife - suicide vs homicide

A

suicide - hesitation marks, single fatal wound, wounds reachable

homicide - many fatal wounds, out of reach, defence wounds

45
Q

psychology of attack

A

frenzied, tentative, height of perp, position (awake or asleep), strength (wound severity)

46
Q

other specialists involved

A

forensic anthropologist - bone trauma, exit/entry wounds
firearm specialist - match marks to weapon

47
Q

where did they die?

A

moved - homicide to get rid of body, tampering with a body, compassion to disguise dignity

48
Q

What is the difference between a coroner and a medical examiner?

A

Coroners can be elected officials without medical training, whereas medical examiners are physicians and board-certified forensic pathologists.

49
Q

What is the primary role of a forensic pathologist?

A

To investigate suspicious deaths by determining the cause, manner, and time of death.
conduct autopsies
work in me or coroner office

50
Q

What is involved in a scene investigation by a forensic pathologist?

A

Documenting and photographing the scene, identifying injuries, collecting evidence, and making a preliminary reconstruction of events based on blood splatter, weapon recovery, and movements.

51
Q

What signs may indicate poisoning?

A

Cherry-red discoloration for carbon monoxide poisoning, pink skin for cyanide, and corrosion around lips for acid ingestion.

52
Q

What are the types of asphyxia?

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning, hanging, strangulation, and smothering.

53
Q

How can the range of fire be determined in a gunshot wound?

A

By analyzing powder residue and the appearance of the wound.

54
Q

How can drugs contribute to death?

A

Drugs can cause death directly or impair judgment, leading to accidents or violence.

55
Q

What part of the skin determines fingerprint patterns?

A

The shape of the dermal papillae at the boundary between the epidermis and dermis.

56
Q

What defines a loop fingerprint pattern?

A

ridge enters from one size, exit from same size
one delta, core
unlar - pinkie
radial -thumb

57
Q

What characterizes a whorl fingerprint pattern?

A

Whorls are circular or spiral ridge patterns with two deltas.

plain, central pocket, double loop, accidental

58
Q

What defines an arch fingerprint pattern?

A

Arches lack type lines, deltas, or cores, and ridges enter from one side and exit from the other.

plain, tented

59
Q

What does the ACE-V process stand for in fingerprint analysis?

A

Analysis: Identify distortions and determine if the fingerprint is usable for comparison.
Comparison: Compare fingerprint to a known print at three levels:
General ridge flow.
Ridge characteristics (minutiae).
Finer details (ridge pores, creases, scars).
Evaluation: Conclude identification (same source), exclusion (different source), or inconclusive.
Verification: A second examiner independently verifies the result.

60
Q

primary classification in prints

A

each finger is paired
whorls given a value for each pair, starting at 16 then half
1 is added to numerator and denominator

61
Q

What is AFIS?

A

Automated Fingerprint Identification System
AFIS scans and converts fingerprints into digital data focusing on minutiae, and compares them to database entries. Human experts make the final verification.

62
Q

What is Livescan?

A

An inkless, digital system that captures fingerprints and palm prints and immediately enters them into AFIS.

63
Q

What are the three types of fingerprints?

A

Visible prints: Made when a surface is touched after contact with colored material (e.g., blood, paint).
Plastic prints: Ridge impressions left on soft materials (e.g., putty, wax).
Latent prints: Invisible to the naked eye, formed by perspiration or oils on the ridges.

64
Q

How are latent fingerprints located on different surfaces?

A

Hard and non-absorbent surfaces (glass, tile): Developed with powder or superglue.
Soft and porous surfaces (paper, cloth): Developed using chemicals.

65
Q

What are common techniques for detecting latent fingerprints?

A

Powder: Aluminum for dark surfaces, carbon for light surfaces.
Superglue fuming: Forms a visible white print.
Chemical methods: Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids.
RUVIS: Uses ultraviolet light to detect prints.

66
Q

What is digital imaging in fingerprint enhancement?

A

Converts fingerprints into digital files for analysis. Techniques like contrast adjustment and spatial filtering help make prints clearer.

67
Q

describe iodine fuming, ninhydrin, physical developer, superglue fuming

A

Iodine sublimates into vapor when heated, interacting with oils or moisture in a latent print.

Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids in perspiration, turning the print purple-blue.

physical developer - A silver nitrate-based chemical used to develop prints on porous surfaces, especially ones that have been wet.

Superglue vapor interacts with fingerprint residue to produce a white print. It is used on nonporous surfaces and is ideal for enclosed spaces.

CRIM 355 (6 decks)

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