WEEK 4 - OBSTRUCTIVE VS RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE

Question 1

Respiratory capacities

Answer 1

Tidal volume (TV) - 500mL

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - 3100mL in male, 1800mL in female

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - 1200mL in males, 700mL in females

Residual volume (RV) - 1200mL in both

Question 2

Restrictive respiratory conditions

Answer 2

REDUCED COMPLIANCE
INCREASED RECOIL
TLC + IRV DECREASED

FVC/FEV1 RATIO - SIMILAR BUT VALUES DECREASED

Causes
- kyphosis
- scoliosis
- broken ribs

• pneumonia
• pulmonary fibrosis
  
  • silicosis, asbestosis

increased elasticity of lung fibres

Question 3

Obstructive respiratory conditions

Answer 3

INCREASED COMPLIANCE
DECREASED RECOIL

FVC/FEV1 RATIO - DECREASED, FEV1 VALUE DECREASED

Common conditions
- COPD
- Emphysema
- asthma - obstructed by excess mucus
- bronchiectasis
- CF

exhale with pursed lips to control exhalation, avoiding atelectasis

Question 4

Emphysema

Answer 4

DESCRIPTION

Part of the group of lung conditions that fall under COPD. Chronic condition.

Causes permenant enlargement and loss of elasticity to the alveoli, damaging the alveolar wall. This increases the chance of atelectasis. No fibrosis.

Through inflammation triggered by exposure to noxious gasses causes the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, T-cell lymphocytes and neutrophils. Cytokines released as a result creates mucous hypersecretion

Neutrophil derived proteinase causes an elastin imbalance, destroying the connective tissue in the lungs

Cytotoxic T cells release TNF-a which leads to destruction of the epithelial tissue lining the alveolar walls

SYMPTOMS

• SOB
• persistent coughing
• phlegm
• weight loss
• exacerbations caused by respiratory infection

RISK FACTORS/CAUSES

• exposure to toxic gasses
• smoking
• antitrypsin deficiency

DIAGNOSIS

• chest x-ray
• ABG testing
• CT scan of lungs
• ECG

TREATMENT

• exercise
• breathing techniques
• avoiding irritants

Question 5

Hypoxaemia

Answer 5

decrease in PPO2
Causes
- redcued PO2 in air
- reduced ventilation
- ventilation/perfusion mismatch

measurements
- pulse oximetry
- ABG

Question 6

Hypoxia

Answer 6

reduced level of tissue oxygenation

causes
- heart attack
- respiratory failure

symptoms
- reduced brain function
- blue lips, fingers, toes
- rapid HR and RR