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Infectious Disease Pathophysiology > Week 4 - Nervous system infections > Flashcards

Week 4 - Nervous system infections Flashcards

1
Q

Two main infections of the NS

A
  • Meningitis
  • Encephalitis
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2
Q

Patient with Herpes simplex can’t stop having seizures because it affects a specific lobe of the brain, which one is it?

A

Temporal lobe

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3
Q

Encephalitis signs can be divided into 2

A
  • Diffuse
  • Focal
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4
Q

Inflammatory process involving the brain parenchyma + evidence of neurologic dysfunction

A

Encephalitis

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5
Q

Most common group affected by encephalitis

A

Infants younger than 1 year (< 5 years old)

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6
Q

Causes of encephalitis

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Autoimmune disease
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7
Q

Signs positive in meningitis

A
  • Kering’s sign
  • Brudzinski’s sign
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8
Q

Flexion of the hips and knees resulting in a neck flexion is a sign of…

A

Brudzinski’s sign

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9
Q

Resistance to extend the leg while the hip os flexed is a sign of…

A

Kering’s sign

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10
Q

Most common cause of encephalitis

A

Enterovirus

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11
Q

Most common bacterial cause of meningitis

A

Pneumococci

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12
Q

How does Herpes simplex 1 and 2 get to the NS

A

Ascends though the Trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of encephalitis by Herpes simplex

A
  • Acute
  • Sporadic viral encephalitis
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14
Q

Treatment for Herpes simplex

A

Acyclovir

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15
Q

Pathogens infect meningeal layers

A

Meningitis

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16
Q

Pathogens infect brain parenchyma

A

Encephalitis

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17
Q

Infection starts @meninges and spreads to brain parenchyma

A

Meningiencephalitis

18
Q

Aseptic meningitis refers to meningitis where routine bacterial cultures of CSF are -, what are some pathogens that can cause this?

A
  • Viruses
  • Mycobacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
19
Q

Most common cause of aseptic meningitis

A

Enterovirus: echovirus and coxsackie virus

20
Q

Babies < 3 months old are most susceptible to getting bacterial meningitis from

A
  • Group B Streptococci
  • Escherichia coli
  • Listeria monocytogenes
21
Q

Teens between the ages of 13 and 17 years old get bacterial meningitis from

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
22
Q

Children between the ages of 3 + months and 12 years + adults get bacterial meningitis from

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Haemophilus influenzae
23
Q

Listeria monocytogenes can also cause bacterial meningitis @ another age group, which one?

A

> than 50 years and immunocompromised

24
Q

Pure encephalitis (without meningitis) is most commonly caused by

A

Virus

25
Q

Fungi that can cause encephalitis infections (only @ immunocompromised ppl)

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Coccidioides immitis
26
Q

Brain eating amoeba that can cause fatal meningoencephalitis

A

Naegleria Fowler

27
Q

Another parasite that can cause meningoencephalitis and is transmitted by the tsetse fly

A

Trypanosoma brucei

28
Q

Common triad of symptoms present in brain infections

A
  • Headache
  • Fever
  • Neck rigidity
29
Q

Symptoms that accompany the triad are

A
  • Photophobia
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
30
Q

Petechiae are characteristic of

A

Neisseria meningitidis

31
Q

Sign to differentiate encephalitis from meningitis

A

Abnormal brain function

32
Q

Signs that differentiate meningitis from encephalitis

A
  • Neck rigidity
  • Kering +
  • Brudzinski +
33
Q

HSV encephalitis has some characteristic signs since it affects the temporal lobe, which ones?

A
  • Aphasia
  • Olfactory hallucinations
  • Personality changes
34
Q

Gold standard diagnosis for meningitis and encephalitis

A

Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF sample for analysis and culture

35
Q

Instant treatment for patients with suspected encephalitis or meningitis

A
  • IV dexamethasone: to decrease inflammatory response
  • Empiric antibiotics
  • Sometimes steroids to reduce the risk of mortality
36
Q

If the patient has characteristic HSV encephalitis symptoms (confusion, change in personality, drowsiness, fussiness, lethargy and bulging fontanelle) start treatment with

A

IV acyclovir to treat HSV

37
Q

Patchy signs @ brain are characteristic of

A

HSV infection

38
Q

CSF with increased WBC count w/ neutrophil predominance

A

Bacterial

39
Q

CSF with mild leukocytosis and a lymphocyte predominance

A
  • Viral
  • Fungal
40
Q

Protein levels @ CSF change depending on the pathogen, how so?

A
  • High protein levels @ bacterial infections
  • Mild or normal protein levels @ viral and fungal infections
41
Q

Glucose levels @ CSF change depending on the pathogen, how so?

A
  • Low glucose levels @ bacterial and fungal infections
  • Normal or slightly decreased @viral infections
42
Q

yay fin

A

yay

Infectious Disease Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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