Week 4 (Motivation) Flashcards
What is motivation?
-The driving force for behaviour which can be unconscious of conscious
-Related to process which lead towards directing or initiating a behaviour
Types of motivation
-Can be physiological, primary or organic.
*Hunger, thirst, fatigue etc.
-Can be personal, social, or have secondary sources
*Personal interests, goals etc.
Locus of control
Motivational processes and the perceived control people have over conditions in their lives
-Considered to be part of an individual’s personality
External Locus of control
-Belief you have limited control over your life
-Due to external factors or even luck/fate
Internal Locus of control
-Belief you control your life and what happens to you
How can locus of control influence how a person perceives outcomes
External
“I failed because I was unlucky. There wasn’t anything I could have done differently”
Internal
“I failed because I did not study enough and did not fully understand the materials. I can achieve a better outcome next time if I use the feedback given.”
Intrinsic Vs Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic
-Motivation as a result of enjoying or being interested in the behaviour
-Perceived rewards come from the act of engaging in the behaviour
“I study psychology because I genuinely enjoy learning about the subject”
Extrinsic motivation
-Motivation to engage in a behaviour as a result of external sources
-Engaging in a behaviour for perceived rewards or punishment
“I study psychology because I want a good degree and to be competitive on the job market”
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hierarchy of motivations
-Humanistic approach, people have a desire to grow and improve
- Self-actualisation
- Esteem
- Love
- Safety
- Immediate physiological needs
Immediate physiological needs (Maslow)
Basic necessities for life
-Food
-Water
-Shelter
-Warmth
-Clothing
Safety Needs (Maslow)
Security, order and perceived control over your own life
-Financial security
-General safety
-Health and wellbeing
-Emotional security
Love and belongingness (Maslow)
Feeling like you belong
-Friendship
-Trust
-Acceptance
-Affection
-Love
Esteem (Maslow)
Esteem needs, wanting to be loved and valued
Esteem for oneself
-Independence, achievement, dignity
Esteem for respect
-Status
Self actualisation
Realising/ living up to fullest potential , seeking growth and self-fulfilment
-According to Maslow, most people never fully reach self-actualisation
-Instead, we reach peak experiences of self actualisation.
Evidence for Maslow’s theory
Self determination theory
Has two assumptions
- Behaviour is driven by a persons need for growth and improvement
- Autonomous motivation is important
People are driven by three basic physiological needs which contribute towards self-determination
Basic needs –> Self-determination –> Motivation
What is autonomous motivation?
Engaging in behaviour out of personal choice
-Typically intrinsic motivation
-Can relate to extrinsic motivation in certain contexts (e.g., workplace where people assign worth to their job and carry out autonomously)
What is controlled motivation?
-Controlled by rewards
-Extrinsic motivation
What are the 3 basic needs in the self determination theory
Competence
-Ability to perform a task
Relatedness
-Sense of closeness and belonging to others)
Autonomy
-Ability to feel control over one’s life and regulate behaviour
Hierarchy of needs in the workplace
- Self actualisation
-Feeling like you’re doing your best and motivated to succeed - Esteem
-Feeling like you contribute, are recognised and respected - successful performance appraisals! - Love and belongingness
-Feeling like you belong and having good working relationships with peers, co-workers etc. - Safety
-Physical safety and feeling secure in your position - Immediate physiological needs
-Wages and ability to afford basic needs
Effect of intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation in the workplace
Extrinsic
Having a job that is very repetitive, less complex, and less inherently interesting –> Extrinsic motivation linking pay to performance –> Job performance (quantity)
Intrinsic
Having a job that interests you, requiring personal investment, absorption, quality, and complexity… –> Incentives linked to intrinsic motivation e.g., student outcomes –>Job performance (quality)
Intrinsically motivated job
“Service Job”
-Higher overall wellbeing
-Reduced negative affect
-Reduced unhealthy behaviours (frequency / amount of drinking)
Extrinsically motivated job
“Money Job”
-Lower overall wellbeing
-Increased negative affect
-Increased unhealthy behaviours (frequency / amount of drinking)
Effect of support from supervisor
-Support from a supervisor or manager may predict intrinsic motivation
-Supportive manager contributed to job satisfaction (and subsequent intrinsic motivation)
-A supportive manager improves fulfilling motivation when employees feel that they are paid fairly
Locus of Control in the workplace
-Internal locus of control was associated with positive work related outcomes
-Interaction is complex and impacted on by different factors
-Internal locus of control –> Stress
Psychometric tests for motivation
-Motivational Questionnaire
-Multi-dimensional work motivation scale
