Week 4 IRATs

Question 1

Which of the following is the most important acceptor of amino groups in aminotransferase reactions?
        Glutamine
	Creatine
	Glucose
	Glutamate
	Alpha-ketoglutarate

Answer 1

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 2

Protein degradation involving the ubiquitin system contributes to maintenance of amino acid pools. The ubiquitin system
Attaches a chain of prolines to proteins
Functions in the lysosome
Involves proteolysis by ubiquitin
Requires ATP to function

Answer 2

Requires ATP to function

Question 3

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are sometimes used in anti-depressant therapy. Which of the following catabolic pathways is inhibited directly by MAOIs?
        Creatine degradation
	Glutathione degradation
	Norepinephrine degradation
	Glutamate degradation
	Urea degradation

Answer 3

Norepinephrine degradation

Question 4

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that affects several biochemical mechanisms, including the activation of a soluble guanylyl cyclase. Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to the response to an increase in NO?
Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Causes relaxation of smooth muscle
Promotes degradation of cyclic GMP
Causes vasoconstriction
Promotes degradation of cyclic AMP

Answer 4

Causes relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 5

Which of the following responses matches amino acids to the correct subgroup?
pro, trp, thr: aromatic R groups
his, lys, arg: positively charged R groups
ala, gly, cys: negatively charged R group
phe, tyr: sulfur-containing R group
met, ser: branched chain R group

Answer 5

his, lys, arg: positively charged R groups

Question 6

Which neurotransmitters are generally excitatory and which neurotransmitters are generally inhibitory?
GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Acetylcholine

Answer 6

Inhibitory: GABA, Glycine
Excitatory: Glutamate, Ach

Question 7

T/F: A metabotropic glutamate receptor could act to hyperpolarize a neuron.

Answer 7

True
can act in presynaptic inhibition. Ionotropic glutamate receptors depolarize the membrane because they are cation channels.

Question 8

Which neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic cleft and which ones are taken up?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA

Answer 8

Broken down: Ach

Taken up: Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA

Question 9

T/F: Chemical synapses are constructed of gap junction proteins

Answer 9

False. electrical synapses are made of gap junction proteins, connexins

Question 10

Spatial summation refers to:

Answer 10

When multiple small stimulations on the same dendrite at the same time result in and AP

Question 11

Neurotransmitter release is often stimulated by changes in conductance of which ion

Answer 11

Ca 2+

Question 12

What is the cell that myelinates the axons in the CNS?
       Schwann cell
	Oligodenrocyte
	Microglia
	Ependymal cell
	Astrocyte

Answer 12

Oligodendrocyte

Question 13

What is the name of the innermost connective tissue sheath around peripheral nerves?

	Mesoneurium
	Paraneurium
	Perineurium
	Epineurium
	Endoneurium

Answer 13

Endoneurium

Question 14

Where do you find the cell bodies of sensory neurons?
The grey matter of the spinal cord
The white matter of the spinal cord
Cerebral cortex
Peripheral nerves
Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 14

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 15

Which is true of appositional growth?
       Only bone undergoes the process
	It adds length to bone
	It is "growth from within"
	Only cartilage exhibits it
	It adds girth to cartilage or bone

Answer 15

It adds girth to cartilage or bone

Question 16

In mature, compact, bone tissue, where do the interstitial lamellae come from?
They are the remains of earlier-generation osteons
They form around Volkmann’s canals.
They are remains of trabeculae of spongy bone that become incorporated into compact bone
They are ossified stacks of flat chondrocytes from the former zone of proliferation.
They are the ossified remains of Sharpey’s fibers

Answer 16

They are the remains of earlier-generation osteons