Week 4- Infant

Question 1

In the first year, infants grow ___-____cm triple their body weight

Answer 1

25-30 cm

Question 2

a) What is synaptogenesis?
b) what is synaptic pruning?
c) what are synapses?

Answer 2

a) synaptogenesis are the creation of synapses followed by a period of synaptic pruning to make the nervous system more efficient
b) synaptic pruning is a natural process that occurs in the brain between early childhood and adulthood. The brain eliminates extra synapses to get rid of simple, unnecessary structures to replace them with complex ones
c) synapses are brain structures that allow neurons to transmit a signal to another neuron

Question 3

what are the purposes of neuroplasticity and myelinization?

Answer 3

neuroplasticity is the brains ability to recognize neural pathways and be flexible with organization of signals
myelinization is when myelin covers axons of neurons and insulates them from one another to improve conductivity

Question 4

What are the 5 types of reflexes? Explain each

Answer 4

1. adaptive = ex: sucking to help newborns survive
2. primitive = controlled by primitive parts of the brain
3. rooting = a soft touch on the cheek causes an infant to turn toward the touch and open the month
4. babinski = stroking the sole of the foot causes infants toes to fan out and up
5. moro = sudden noise or loss of support causes the infant to arch the back and throw the arms and legs out. then bring them back in

Question 5

1. T/F: some adaptive reflexes persist throughout life.
2. T/F: primitive reflexes disappear by about 10 months of age
3. ______ reflex disappears by about 3 months
4. babinski reflexes disappears by about ____ months of age
5. T/F: moro reflexes disappear after 6-7 months

Answer 5

1. T
2. F. 6 months
3. rooting
4. 12 months
5. F. 4-5 months

Question 6

the moro reflex is hypothesized to help the baby ____ to the mother

Answer 6

cling

Question 7

1. newborns sleep ___% of the time
2. by __ weeks, babies will begin to sleep throughout the night
3. by 6 months, babies are sleeping about ___ hours a day

Answer 7

1. 80%
2. 6 weeks
3. 14 hours

Question 8

1. what type of cry signals hunger?
2. what type of cry signals anger?
3. what type of cry signals pain?

Answer 8

1. basic cry, rhythmic pattern
2. louder and intense
3. abrupt onset

Question 9

explain each stage of motor development with the loco, non-loco, manipulative actions involved:
- 1 month
- 2-3 months
- 4-6
- 7-9
- 10-12
- 13-18

Answer 9

1 month: loco = stepping reflex, non-loco= lifts head slightly and follows object with eyes, mani = hold objects in hand
2-3 months: loco= none, non-loco = lifts head to 90 degrees when lying on stomach, mani= swipe at objects in sight
4-6 months: loco= rolls over, sits with support, non-loco = can hold head up while sitting, mani = reaches for objects
7-9 months: loco= sits with support, crawls, non-loco = none, mani= transfer objects from one hand to another
10-12 months: loco= stand with furniture and walk alone, non-loco = squats and stoops, mani= holds a spoon but has bad aim to mouth
13-18 months: loco= walks backward, sideways and runs, non-loco= rolls ball, claps, mani= stacks blocks, puts in containers
19-24 months: loco = goes up and down stairs, non-loco= jumps, mani= feed itself

Question 10

explain the difference between girls and boys in motor development

Answer 10

girls = ahead in motor skills, specifically manipulative
boys = more developmental delays and more active

Question 11

1. according to WHO, breastfeeding should be done for the first __-__ months and continued until __ years of age
2. breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from illness as it stimulates better _____ functioning
3. T/F: mother-infant social interactions are different between formula-fed babies and breast-fed babies with the same maternal attention

Answer 11

1. 4-6, 2
2. immune
3. F. it’s the same

Question 12

1. Canada’s infant mortality rate has ________ from ___/1000 to ___/1000
2. ___ is the leading cause of death between 29 days and 1 year of age

Answer 12

1. decreased, 134/1000 to 5/1000
2. SIDS

Question 13

1. how can you reduce the risk of SIDS?
2. co-sleeping is common in ____

Answer 13

1. no beddings, sleeping on hard surfaces, sleep near parents, smoke free
2. asia, europe

Question 14

explain the 3 sensory characteristics and what occurs as an infant develops these senses

Answer 14

1. vision/hearing: poor at birth, develops rapidly
2. touch/motion: best developed of all the sense
3. taste/smell: unlimited variations

Question 15

Answer based on perceptual skills:
1. at ___ months, infants can distinguish sound contrast in any language
2. by ___ years old, this fades and is limited to the sound contrast of their native language

Answer 15

1. 6
2. 2

Question 16

explain each sensorimotor stage:
0-1 month
1-4 months
4-8 months
8-12 months
12-18 months
18-24

Question 17

explain each stage for language:
2-3 months
4-5
6
-89
12
12-18
18-20

Question 18

1. what is the attachment theory?
2. what are the 4 types of attachment? Explain each

Answer 18

1. says that all humans have the need and ability to form attachment relationships during early life
2. secure = enjoys company from the parents, less fussy
   avoidant = avoids contact with parents, do not have preference for the parent
   ambivalent = gets upset when seperated from the parents but is not reassured when they return
   disorganized = confused infant. Goes towards parent but looks away

Question 19

what is personality?
what is temperament?

Answer 19

personality = a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment
temperament = inborn predispositions such as activity level that form the foundations of personality

Question 20

_____ temperament is temperament infancy that persists throughout childhood

Answer 20

stable temperament

Question 21

explain each temperament dimension:
1. activity level
2. positive emotionality
3. inhibition
4. negative emotionality
5. task persistence

Answer 21

1. passive or vigorous
2. move toward new activities - positive emotion
3. respond with fear or withdrawal to new situations - shyness
4. anger, fussing, irritability respond- low threshold for frustration
5. stay focused and manage attention