Week 4: Human Aggression Flashcards
0
Q
What is violence?
A
- Aggression that has extreme harm as it’s goal
- all violence is aggression but not vica versa
1
Q
What is aggression?
A
- “Behavior direct toward another individual that is carried out with the proximate intent to cause harm”
- “the target must e motivated to avoid the behavior”
2
Q
Gender difference in animal aggressive behavior
A
- male animals more aggressive, more likely to attack, more likely to fight
3
Q
Lorenz 1966; the Hyraulic Hypothesis; The energy model - aggression
A
- aggression instinctual
- not caused by the environment - rather it is released in certain circumstances
- needs to be ‘released’ regularly or becomes pent up
- basis for cartharsis model (now disproven)
- lack empirical support both in humans and animals
- dominance behavior - primates (e.g. Learn to both express and inhibit aggression)
4
Q
Clinical Psychology - DSM-IV on aggression
A
- anti-social, narcissistic, borderline personality
- CD
- Addiction
- paranoia, delusions, psychosis
- Sadism, masochism
- intermittent explosive disorder
- adjustment disorder with conduct disturbance
- problems related to abuse or neglect
- conflict management, relationship systems, anger management, counseling for aggression
- interventions for anger and/or aggression
5
Q
Cognitive psychology - neural networks view on aggression
A
- when we experiencing something, a cluster neurons (a node) is set aside to recognize it again,
- when we experience that thing again the node becomes activated
- nodes that are activated together become wired together
- the more often nodes are activated together, the stronger the links become
- because of these links, activating one node will begin to activate linked nodes
- if the same sequence plays out often enough, either in real life or vicariously (media, video game)
- then it becomes like a script that plays out the same way whenever it is triggered
6
Q
Cognitive psychology - Cognitive Neo-Association Theory on aggression
A
- assumes that memories, thoughts and plans for action are linked together in the brain
- when one part of this network is activated, the link parts, also become activated
- the parts that are most strongly activated are the parts that will have the greatest influence on that person’s eventual actions
- unpleasant or threatening situations arouse negative feelings
- these in turn stimulate various thoughts, memories and physiological responses associated with both fight (anger) and flight (fear)
- depending the nature of the situation and the prior experiences and personality of the person, one tendency will come to dominate the other
- if anger/fight tendencies dominate, the types of thoughts, feelings as plans for action that are most strongly activated will usually increase the likelihood of an aggressive response
7
Q
Script theory view on aggression
A
- proposed by Huesmann
- when a situation is very familiar we follow the script
- DV can occur in this way
8
Q
Development psychology view on aggression
A
- develops over lifespan, large longitudinal studies
- constancy of trait aggression across lifespan
- influence of parents, media, environment
- gene-environment interactions
- hostile attributional bias
9
Q
Emotion - aggression
A
- anger, shame, humiliation, jealousy linked with aggression
- frustration-aggression hypothesis
• all instances of aggression can be traced back to frustration
• the link b/w frustration and aggression is always increased anger
• clearly not always true (but often is)
10
Q
Evolutionary psychology - aggression
A
- aggression ‘hard wired’
- links with animal work
- reproductive success
• protect territory and offspring
• sexual jealousy
• status, power and machismo to succeed
11
Q
Health psychology - aggression
A
- particularly concerned with links b/w physical health and psychological health
- type A personality and heart disease
- anger and hypertension
- alcoholism and aggression
- injury, recovery, trauma
12
Q
Learning theories - aggression
A
- underpins other approaches
- explain both the acquisition and the maintenance of aggressive behavior
- aggression is often learned
• classical conditioning
• instrumental learning- reward aggression, punish non-aggression (subtle or obvious)
- can be vicarious
• social learning
- neural networks include learned concepts and are developed through experience
- info processing is about learned patterns of responding
- scripts are learned
- learning shapes development
- genes affect us depending on environment
13
Q
Social learning theories - aggression
A
- people acquire aggressive tendencies through direct experience or through observing -> bobo
- more likely to copy aggressive models
• who are respected, liked, high status
• who are familiar/similar
• who are rewarded for their behaviors
• if we have self-efficacy for aggression - imitation seems to be hard-wired from birth and to continue through the life span
14
Q
Neurological/biological approaches to aggression
A
- genetics
- gene-environment interactions
- 16-17 genes are linked with aggressive behavior
- never direct - usually in conjunction with a particular type of environment or predisposition (e.g. Impulsivity) that enhances the likelihood of aggression
