Week 4 Day 3 & 4 (excluding Nervous tissue and bone)

Question 1

Name the primary and secondary curvatures of the spine.

Answer 1

Primary: Thoracic and sacral
Secondary: Cervical and lumar

Question 2

Describe a herniated disc

Answer 2

When the nucleus pulposus has breached the annulus fibrosus and impinges upon a spinal nerve.

Question 3

Name the 6 functions of the spine

Answer 3

1. Protection
2. Support
3. Motion and posture
4. Attachments
5. Flexibility
6. Pivot point for head

Question 4

Name the five main parts of the spine

Answer 4

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5) Sacral (5), Coccyx (4)

Question 5

Atlantoocciptal joint allows you to ____ your head ____

Answer 5

Nod your head yes

Question 6

Atlantoaxial joint allows you to _____ your head ___

Answer 6

Shake your head no

Question 7

The __________ arteries supplies blood to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the spine

Answer 7

Segmental arteries

Question 8

The largest vertebral venous plexus is the _____________ which drains into the __________ veins in the neck and trunk.

Answer 8

The largest vertebral venous plexus is the internal vertebral venous plexus which drains into the segmental veins in the neck and trunk.

Question 9

_____ _____ provide the only significant mechanism for cholesterol excretion.

Answer 9

Bile salts! Bc cholesterol is turned into bile acid in the liver then to bile salt and through biliary secretion delivered to the small intestine for excretion.

Question 10

____ allows for the synthesis of steroid hormones with cholesterol as a precurser

Answer 10

CYP450 in the liver!

Question 11

_______ biosynthesis intermediates are required to make vitamin D

Answer 11

Cholesterol

Question 12

Name the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis

Answer 12

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 13

To inhibit the production of cholesterol, which enzyme do statins inhibit?

Answer 13

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 14

What is the relationship between cholesterol and LDL, VLDL, and HDL?

Answer 14

LDL, VLDL, and HDL are lipoprotein transporters of cholesterol in the blood.
VLDL from the liver turns to LDL. HDL as it leave tissue.

Question 15

What does lowering cholesterol via statins do to the LDLR?

Answer 15

Lowering cholesterol causes an increase in LDLR which causes more cholesterol to be taken in and degraded.

Question 16

Name four defects in cholesterol that could lead to familial hypercholesterolemia.

Answer 16

1. Defect in the LDLR synthesis
2. Mutation causing misfolding then degradation (never makes it out of the ER)
3. Mutation that prevents ligand LDL binding to receptor
4. Mutation that prevents LDLR endocytosis or recycling

Question 17

Describe prevalence and give the equation

Answer 17

Amount of the disease in a population at a given time

Prevalance = # w/disease / # people in population

Question 18

Describe incidence

Answer 18

Development of a new disease over time

Question 19

Give the equation for incidence proportion

Answer 19

of new cases of disease / population initially free of disease

Question 20

Give the equation for incidence rate

Answer 20

of new cases of disease / person-time risk

Question 21

Describe the relationship between prevalence and incidence (hint: it’s an equation)

Answer 21

Prevalence = incidence x duration

Question 22

Describe a case series

Answer 22

Report on a series of pt’s with an outcome of interest. No control group

Question 23

Describe a case report

Answer 23

Focuses on manifestations, clinical course and outcome for the pt. No control group

Question 24

Describe a cohort study

Answer 24

Pt’s with a specific condition or are receiving a certain tx are followed over time and compared with another group who are not affected.

Question 25

Describe a case control

Answer 25

Study begins with outcome (do not follow people) but check records to ascertain different experiences

Question 26

Describe randomized control trial (RCT)

Answer 26

Randomly assigns participants to 2 or more groups

Question 27

Define the CNS and PNS

Answer 27

CNS: Brain and spinal cord
PNS: Nerves and ganglia

Question 28

Describe the functional divisions of the nervous system

Answer 28

Somatic nervous system: supplies body part we can control
Autonomic nervous system: (motor only) supplies the parts that occur automatically (ie smooth and cardiac muscle and glands); the inner guts (visceral organs)

Question 29

Describe motor and sensory neurons

Answer 29

Motor: project from CNS; innervate an effector;
Sensory: project to CNS; involved in sensation and attach to the dorsal horn only; cell body in DRG

Question 30

Describe afferent and efferent

Answer 30

Afferent: Feeling- sensory
Efferent: effector- terminating on muscle or an organ

Question 31

Describe how spinal nerves exit the body. How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 31

C1 nerve starts above C1 vertebra, which means C8 nerve will be above T1 vertebra whose T1 nerve will be below it. There are 31 spinal nerves.

Question 32

What is a myotome and dermatome?

Answer 32

Myotome: The distribution of spinal nerves onto muscle groups. They are supplied by somatic EFFERENTS and somatic AFFERENTS.
Dermatomes: The distribution of spinal nerves onto the body’s surface. They are supplied by somatic AFFERENTS.

Question 33

Describe a cross section of the spine cord

Answer 33

The spine is made of gray matter on the interior (looks like a butterfly each wing tip is a horn) and white matter which is located around the gray matter

Question 34

Describe the formation of spinal nerves.

Answer 34

The neural crest segments into a row of 31 spinal ganglia. The axons of the motors neurons grow out from the ventral horn of the spinal cord and invade the nearest somite (which is derived from the mesoderm). The peripheral process axons of sensory neurons in the spinal ganglia grow into the spinal cord where they synapse with neurons in the dorsal horns of the cord.

Question 35

Describe how the spinal nerves exit the spinal column.

Answer 35

From the dorsal horn, the sensory neurons leave via the dorsal root. From the ventral horn, the motor neurons leave via the ventral root. The dorsal and ventral root meet up to create the spinal nerve then branch off to become the dorsal rami for the posterior and ventral rami for the anterior.

Question 36

When does the spinal cord end? And describe what comes after the ending of the spinal cord?

Answer 36

The spinal cord ends at about L1/L2. After is the cauda equina which is long dorsal and ventral roots gathered together in a bushy structure within the vertebral canal that resembles a “horse’s tail”

Question 37

Describe the autonomic nervous system in terms of structure, pathway, target tissue and function

Answer 37

Structure: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is structured into 2 parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Pathway: Sympathetic starts in the lateral horn (T1-L2) and has a preganglionic fiber & postganglionic fiber. The parasympathetic starts in the lateral horn (S2-S4) and has a preganglionic fiber & postganglionic fiber. Both start in the lateral horn but leave the ventral horn.

Target tissue: ANS supplies cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands with VISCERAL MOTOR FIBERS.

Function: To operate the target tissue with out conscious effort on our part. The sympathetic system is your “fight or flight” and the parasympathetic system is the “rest and digest”

Question 38

What is the primary feature that distinguishes the ANS from the somatic system regarding ganglia?

Answer 38

ANS motor pathway has ganglia within it’s pathway making it a 2-neuron pathway. Whereas the somatic system’s attach directly to the effector organ.

Question 39

Describe the parasympathetic system

Answer 39

Cell body in the lateral horn of S2-S4 and give rise to CN 3,4,7,9,&10.
They have a long preganglion and short postganglion. Their postganglion fibers synapse on intermural ganglia “in the wall of the target organ”

Question 40

Describe the sympathetic system

Answer 40

Cell body in the lateral horn of T1-L2.
They have a short preganglion and long postganglion. Their ganglion synapse in the sympathetic trunk (AKA the prevertebral ganglion)

Question 41

Describe the location of white rami and the gray rami

Answer 41

White rami are only located in T1 - L2 for the sympathetic chain ganglia. The gray rami are located from C1 - Co1

Question 42

Describe visceral afferents

Answer 42

They travel with the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways but are NOT part of the ANS. They carry information regarding organ stretching, hunger, and nausea, as well as BP. The cell body of the visceral afferent neuron is in the dorsal root ganglion.

Question 43

Describe the effects of the sympathetic system

Answer 43

1. Constrict blood vessels to the skin
2. Dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscles
3. Stimulates contraction of arrector pili (erects hairs)
4. Stimulates secretion of sweat glands

Question 44

What is referred pain and why does it occur?

Answer 44

Referred pain is visceral sensation (pain) that is often poorly localized. Because visceral afferent ends in a segmental level of the spinal cord that also receives somatic afferents, visceral pain is then interpreted by the nervous system as coming from a somatic region.

Question 45

What are the neurotransmitters used by the sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 45

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic use ACh in their presynaptic ganglion. However, in the postsynaptic ganglion, the sympathetic uses norepinephrine while parasympathetic sticks to ACh.