week 4 content Flashcards

Question 1

Q

_________- is breakdown/metabolism of muscle and protein, and released at a consistent rate
- Low ________= muscle atrophy/wasting, or maybe not significant
- High ________ = kidney damage

Question 2

Q

AV fistula care
T/F
1. avoid BP and IV sticks in arm with AV fistula
2. assess for peripheral perfusion distal to site
o pain
o cap refill
o numbness
o tingling
o pulse – radial and ulnar
3. assess for thrill q shift
o “feel the thrill”
o Palpate for turbulent blood flow
4. asses for bruit q shift
o sounds like wooshing
5. thrill and bruit are unexpected findings with AV fistula
6. notify HCP if you feel thrill or hear bruit

Answer

A

T
T
T
T
F - expected findings with AV fistula = patency of AV fistula
F - - notify HCP if you can no longer feel thrill or hear bruit

Question 3

Q

There are two main types of lithotripsies:
External lithotripsy (indirect) and Internal lithotripsy (direct)
________________
- Cystoscopy approach or
- percutaneous approach – through skin
- uses laser
_________________
- Stones broken down and washed out
- Major advantage = not invasive
- Possible complications
o Hemorrhage
o Infection
o Retention of stone fragments

Answer

A

There are two main types of lithotripsies:
Internal lithotripsy (direct)
- Cystoscopy approach or
- percutaneous approach – through skin
- uses laser

External lithotripsy (indirect)
- Stones broken down and washed out
- Major advantage = not invasive
- Possible complications
o Hemorrhage
o Infection
o Retention of stone fragments

Question 4

Q

Outpatient procedure used to break up stones into smaller pieces, Disintegrates/pulverizes stones via shock waves, that may be passed naturally through the urinary tract.

Answer

A

Lithotripsy

Question 5

Q

________ Cr = muscle atrophy/wasting, or maybe not significant
________ Cr = kidney damage

Question 6

Q

is treating pain with kidney stones priority? Why or why not

Answer

A

Can cause hemodynamic compromise – pain is so bad it starts messing with vitals (treating pain may be priority so hemodynamic compromise doesn’t occur)

Question 7

Q

hemodialysis, peritoneal, or complications of both?

drastic and hard on body – difficulty adjusting, esp first few times
infection
decreased CO
cardiac dysrhythmias
disequilibrium syndrome - esp first few times
o disorientation
o seizures
o H/s
o Agitation
o n/v
air embolism
FVE
Respiratory insufficiency
Abdominal pain
Peritonitis

Answer

A

H
B
B
H
H
H
P
P
P
P

Question 8

Q

Po and Ca are _______ related

Answer

A

inversely

Question 9

Q

with CKD, kidneys aren’t excreting properly = Mg is ______

Question 10

Q

with CKD fluid restrictions – alternate ways to reduce thirst
(3)

Answer

A

o sucking on ice cubes, lemons, hard candy

Question 11

Q

what type of urinary diagnostic study

This is a type of X-ray that may be performed during a cystoscopy. A contrast dye is injected directly into the ureters, opposite direction of normal flow, allowing doctors to visualize the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys and ureters.

Answer

A

Retrograde pyelogram

Question 12

Q

what type of urinary diagnostic study

Main goal = inspect interior of bladder wall
Position = lithotomy
Consent form required
Post procedure
o Expected – burning, pink tinged urine, frequency
o Unexpected – bright red blood

Answer

A

Cystoscopy

Question 13

Q

kidney stones
Diagnostic studies
T/F
- Careful H&P
- Non-contrast spiral CT (CT/KUB) – gold standard exam
- Ultrasound
- IVP
- CBC
- Urinalysis – assess for hematuria, crystalluria, pH
- Retrieval/analysis of stones

Answer

A

Careful H&P
Non-contrast spiral CT (CT/KUB) – gold standard exam
Ultrasound
IVP
X- CBC
Urinalysis – assess for hematuria, crystalluria, pH
Retrieval/analysis of stones

Question 14

Q

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

T/F

Bowel prep required?
Uses contrast dye?
check for _______ sensitivity, if anaphylaxis reaction AVOID
unexpected – flushed feeling with injection
Kidneys must be functional –
contrast is taken up by kidneys and excreted by kidneys
contrast is nephrotoxic
requires force fluids afterwards to flush contrast out of system
if creatinine is high = consider alternative test
The dye is injected into a vein, and it travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
local reaction expected, not systemic

Answer

A

T
T
iodine
F - expected
T
T
T
T
T
T
F - in the blood stream is systemic, this is why allergic reaction is very serious, could cause systemic s/e

Question 15

Q

upper UTI Systemic infection s/s
1.
2.
3.

Answer

A

o Fever
o Chills
o Flank pain “CVA tenderness” = triangle on each side of back where kidney is
o fatigue
o vomiting

Question 16

Q

If excessive pain or drainage around exit site of nephrostomy tube = possible _____________

If irrigation is ordered
-Use clean or sterile technique
-Gently instill no more than ___ ml of _____

Answer

A

If excessive pain or drainage around exit site
- Possible bloackage

If irrigation is ordered
- Use strict aseptic technique – high risk for infection
- Gently instill no more than 5 ml of sterile NS

Question 17

Q

CKD/kidney disease =
Ca is ___ = Po is ____
kidneys aren’t excreting properly = Po is ___

Answer

A

ca is low = po is high

Question 18

Q

what type of urinary diagnostic study

This is an X-ray examination of the urinary tract that uses contrast dye. The dye is injected into a vein, and it travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The X-rays allow doctors to visualize the urinary tract and identify any abnormalities.

Answer

A

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Question 19

Q

UTI diagnosis
1st test =
2nd test =

Answer

A

Type of Urinalysis – quick dipstick (done at bedside)

confirm with microscopic urinalysis

Question 20

Q

which type of lithotripsy is this?
- Cystoscopy approach or
- percutaneous approach – through skin
- uses laser

Answer

A

internal/direct

Question 21

Q

Ileal conduit
incontinent diversion to skin
T/F
1. Indicated if pt has significant comorbidities or shorter life expectancy
2. Stoma is visible
3. no external collecting bag
4. Skin integrity concerns
5. Body image concerns
6. Unexpected finding – mucus in urine
7. Ileal conduit = urine
8. Ileostomy = urine and stool
9.most closely mimics normal voiding

Answer

A

T
T
F - - Permanent external collecting bag required
T
T
F - - Expected finding – mucus in urine (part of ileum/small intestine used so urine will have mucus in it from that)
T
F - - Ileostomy = stool
F

Question 22

Q

CKD/kidney disease = calcium reabsorption is ____creased = renal osteodystrophy (bone break risk)

Answer

A

decreased
low ca

Question 23

Q

CKD s/s
SATA
- FVD
- Hypokalemia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Mineral and bone disorder
- HTN
- Anemia
- Hyperlipidemia
- Malnutrition

Answer

A

X- FVE
X- Hyperkalemia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Mineral and bone disorder
- HTN
- Anemia
- Hyperlipidemia
- Malnutrition

Question 24

Q

T/F
Older adults with UTI
- will present with classic s/s
- localized abdominal pain
- Cognitive impairment – confusion
- Generalized clinical deterioration

Answer

A

F - will not present with classic s/s
F - non- localized abdominal pain
T- Cognitive impairment – confusion
T- Generalized clinical deterioration

Question 25

Q

what type of urinary diagnostic study?

uses calculation that takes patient’s age, sex, weight, and ethnicity into consideration

Question 26

Q

Retrograde pyelogram

T/F

Indicated if IVP doesn’t visualize adequately
Indicated if Allergy to contrast/iodine
Indicated if Decreased renal function
Uses cystoscope and ureteral catheter
Bowel prep not required
Post procedure unexpected – burning, pink tinged urine, frequency, bright red blood
allergic reactions or systemic responses may be possible

Answer

A

T
T
T
T
F - required
F
Expected – burning, pink tinged urine, frequency
Unexpected – bright red blood
F - Contrast dye is not in blood stream – no allergic reactions or systemic responses

Question 27

Q

issue is with actual kidney
ex: acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

AKI - prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal?

Answer

A

intrarenal

Question 28

Q

Predisposition to UTI
T/F
1. Anything that causes renal stasis
2. Neurogenic bladder
3. Foreign bodies or anything that obstructs urine from exiting
4. Kidney stones
5. male urethra
6. Anything compromising immune system or response
7. DM
8. Aging
9. diarrhea
10. pregnancy
11. poor hygiene
12. delay in urination

Answer

A

Anything that causes renal stasis
Neurogenic bladder
Foreign bodies or anything that obstructs urine from exiting
Kidney stones
F - 5. female urethra
Anything compromising immune system or response
DM
Aging
F - 9. constipation - impedes urine outflow
pregnancy
poor hygiene
delay in urination

Question 29

Q

urinalysis
best time to collect?
analyze within ___hr of void

Answer

A

morning first void
1 hr

Question 30

Q

CKD prevention
- Diagnosis and control of underlying problem causing CKD
1.
2.
- Early detection and treatment of CKD

Answer

A

HTN and DM

Question 31

Q

creatinine clearance is checked with a 24 hour urine collection
- Discard first urine, then 24 hour collection window begins
- Save all urine for 24 hours
- During this 24 hour window, we will also test serum creatinine
- The 24 hour urine container should be kept ______
- At end of 24 hour collection window, pt voids one last time and that last void is added to the collection

Question 32

Q

AV fistula or AV graft?

permanent
artery and vein sewn together
most common – forearm anastomosis (surgical procedure that involves connecting two hollow structures, such as blood vessels) of own artery and vein
after procedure you have to wait ____ weeks for it to “mature” before you can use it for dialysis

Answer

A

AV fistula

6

Question 33

Q

CKD teaching
importance of reporting
o weight gain > 4 lbs
o increasing BP
o SOA
o Edema
o thirst
o Increasing fatigue/weakness
o Confusion/lethargy

Answer

A

o weight gain > 4 lbs
o increasing BP
o SOA
o Edema
Xo thirst
o Increasing fatigue/weakness
o Confusion/lethargy

Question 34

Q

creatine clearance is checked with a _______________

Answer

A

24 hour urine collection

Question 35

Q

renal biopsy Post procedure
T/F
1. Apply pressure dressing
2. Keep on unaffected side for 30-60 mins
3. Bedrest 24 hours
4. Vitals q 5-10 mins for 1 hour
5. high BP and low Hr may indicate bleed
6. Assess for chest pain and signs of bleeding
7. No heavy lifting for 7 days

Answer

A

T
F - Keep on affected side for 30-60 mins
T
T
F - low BP and high HR
F - Assess for flank pain and signs of bleeding
T

Question 36

Q

CKD nursing problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer

A

EFV = kidneys can’t excrete fluid
- Monitor for FVE
- Daily weights
- Fluid restriction

Malnourishment = restricted intake of nutrients
- Monitor for n/v
- Weight trends
- Serum protein levels
- H&H
- Provide desirable foods

Risk for injury = decreased bone structure, 2ndary to renal osteodystrophy (low Ca)
- Monitor electrolyte levels
- Admin ordered supplements – calcium, vitamin D

Grieving = loss of kidney function, dialysis life long treatment
- Listen
- Support resources
- Encourage family involvement

Infection = suppressed immune system
- Monitor for s/s infection
- Screen and limit visitors
- Aseptic technique of dialysis line care

Activity intolerance = low RBC 2ndary to low erythropoietin production
- Rest periods
- Admin anti-anemic agents
- H&H

Question 37

Q

AV fistula or graft?

adv = can be used quicker
disadv = body often recognizes it as foreign and it gets infected

Question 38

Q

4 hemodialysis access points
________- permanent
_______ – permanent
_______– temporary
________ – temporary

Answer

A

o AV fistula - permanent
o AV graft – permanent
o Right IJ – temporary
o Femoral – temporary

Question 39

Q

Adv –
- less complicated
- home dialysis possible
- increased mobility
- fewer dietary restrictions
- less CV stress
- mimics normal urine routine more
Disadv
- risk for peritonitis
- requires high motivation
- body image issues – catheter

HD or PD?

Question 40

Q

CKD diet
o High/Low calorie
o High/Low protein
o what type of CHO
o High/Low K
o High/Low PO
o High/Low Na
o High/Low Mg
o fluid rules?

Answer

A

o High calorie
o Low protein, High protein (after starting dialysis)
o Slow-release CHO
o Low K
o Low PO
low Na
low Mg
fluid restriction

Question 41

Q

End stage CKD s/s
- No longer maintains F&E balance=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- No longer rids the body or wastes via urine =
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- Decreased production of erythropoietin =
1.
- Decreased activation of vitamin D =
1.

Answer

A

No longer maintains F&E balance =
- Edema
- Hyperkalemia
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Hypermagnesemia
- Metabolic acidosis – accumulate acidic waste products

No longer rids the body or wastes via urine =
- Anorexia
- Malnutrition
- Itching
- CNS changes
- Metabolic acidosis – accumulate acidic waste products

Decreased production of erythropoietin =
- Anemia

Decreased activation of vitamin D =
- Renal osteodystrophy, weakened bones from low Calcium

Question 42

Q

what type of urinary diagnostic study

Confirms suspected UTI
Identifies causative agents of UTI
Sterile container used
Meatus must be cleaned prior to urine collection
Collect specimen 1-2 seconds after voiding starts

Answer

A

Clean catch urine

Question 43

Q

Types of kidney stones
(5)

Answer

A

Types of kidney stones
1. Calcium oxalate – most common
2. Calcium phosphate
3. Uric acid
4. Cystine
5. Struvite – magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 44

Q

kidney stones
diet changes may be indicated depending on stone type

diet change for calcium oxalate stones = low oxalate food or low calcium food?
low purine food diet for which stone?
low oxalate foods - SATA
 dark roughage
 spinach
 cocoa
 nuts
 milk

Answer

A

low oxalate food, stones don’t come from dietary calcium
o for uric acid stone = low purine food
 dark roughage
 spinach
 cocoa
 nuts

Question 45

Q

Cutaneous reservoir
continent diversion to skin
T/F
1. Names – Indiana, Kock, Miami
2. Intermittent
3. Life-long
4. sterile technique self catheterization required
5. external bag
6. most closely mimics normal voiding

Answer

A

T
T
T
F- clean technique
F - - no external bag
F

Question 46

Q

If pt has
High BUN and WNL Cr =

if pt has
high BUN and high Cr =

Answer

A

explore other factors outside of kidneys
- GI bleed? Check H&H
- hydration status? FVE/FVD

kidney thing

Question 47

Q

treatment for AKI
T/F
Treatment
1. Find cause
2. Correct F&E imbalances
3. treat Hypokalemia – can be deadly
4. do FVD assessments
5. Fluid restriction
6. check Dilution lab values
7. Daily weights
8. Diuretics
9. Manage BP
10. Prevent/treat infections
11. Maintain nutrition
12. Give IV fluids
13. Avoid nephrotoxic drugs
14. high potassium diet
15. Patiromer (Veltassa)
16. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma)
17. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
18. Calcium gluconate IV
19. Dextrose and insulin
20. Sodium bicarbonate
21. Hemodialysis

Answer

A

F - Hyperkalemia
F - FVE assessments
F
F - Hyperkalemia restrict dietary potassium

15, 16, 17 - - Potassium binders in the GI tract
18 - treats hypocalcemia
19 - treats hypokalemia
20 - treats acidosis and hypokalemia
21 - only permanent way to treat hypokalemia

Question 48

Q

what kidney problem is likely to follow severe and prolonged
- hypotension
- hypovolemia
- exposure to nephrotoxic agent

and why?

Answer

A

AKI

r/t decreased perfusion to kidneys

Question 49

Q

small tube that is surgically inserted into the renal pelvis/kidney through the back (small flank incision)
- It is used to drain urine when the normal flow of urine is blocked
- Attached to external bag for closed drainage to collect urine
- Temporary option

Answer

A

nephrostomy tube

Question 50

Q

issue is below kidney
ex: prostate issue

AKI - prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal?

Answer

A

postrenal

Question 51

Q

___________ peritoneal dialysis (APD)
- Uses cycler
- Automatically cycles times
- controls fill, dwell and drain phases
- used at night while sleeping
- does ~4 cycles/exchanges per night, about 1 hour per cycle

______________ peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
- manual exchanges
- at least 4x/day
- dwell times vary
- may be able to disconnect from bag during dwell period

Answer

A

Automated
continuous ambulatory

Question 52

Q

Specific gravity = 1.010 – 1.030
shows concentration of urine so
hydrated = low/high?
dehydrated = low/high?

Answer

A

hydrated = low
dehydrated = high

Question 53

Q

Cystoscopy

Main goal = inspect interior of bladder wall
Position = __________
Consent form required
Post procedure
o Expected or unexpected – burning, pink tinged urine, frequency?
o Expected or unexpected – bright red blood?

Answer

A

Cystoscopy

Main goal = inspect interior of bladder wall
Position = lithotomy
Consent form required
Post procedure
o Expected – burning, pink tinged urine, frequency
o Unexpected – bright red blood

Question 54

Q

____________ – medical procedure used to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys can no longer do it.
- substances move from______ through a semi-permeable membrane and into __________
- ___________concentrations are unique to each person and is selected based on what we want the movement to do

Answer

A

Dialysis

blood, a dialysis solution (dialysate)

dialysate

Question 55

Q

Adv –
- rapid removal of fluid, urea/Cr, K
Disadv –
- requires vascular access/may require heparin
- dietary/fluid restriction more stringent
- hypotension during dialysis

HD or PD?

Question 56

Q

BUN vs Cr

Most reliable indicator of renal function

Answer

A

Cr - specific to kidneys

Question 57

Q

diagnostics for Pyelonephritis

1st - _______ done at bedside
2nd _________ confirms results
3rd unique to pyelonephritis
- WBC w/ diff will show =
- image testing
- Blood culture – if we suspect _______

Answer

A

dip stick urinalysis

microscopic urinalysis

shift to the left (bands, neutrophils) = infection

if we suspect bacteremia (bacteria in blood)/urosepsis (UTI infection spread to blood) = we think UTI got into blood

Question 58

Q

high K = __________ and __________

Answer

A

cardiac dysrhythmias and muscle weakness

Question 59

Q

Endourologic procedures

example:

Answer

A

minimally invasive surgical techniques used to treat conditions of the urinary tract.

Lithotripsy

Question 60

Q

lower UTI Symptoms r/t bladder emptying or storage

o Urinary frequency
o Urgency
o Incontinence
o Nocturia
o Nocturnal enuresis – bed wetting

Question 61

Q

if BUN is high what are 5 reasons could be causing it?

Answer

A

High nitrogen (maybe from tube feeds)
High protein (dietary)
GI bleed (blood is rich in protein)
Hydration status (false high/dehydrated or false low/overhydrated) = High or low BUN
poor kidney function

Question 62

Q

lower vs upper UTI

Involves parenchyma (functional tissue of an organ), pelvis or ureters

Answer

A

upper UTI

Question 63

Q

most common
related to decreased CO = low BP, hypovolemia, decreased perfusion

AKI - prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal?

Question 64

Q

which electrolyte lab could be affected by

o nitrogen
o protein
o GI bleed
o Hydration status
o kidney function

Answer 54

A

Inflammation of bladder wall

Answer 55

A

Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 56

A

all true

kidneys are very vascular, bleed risk if coagulation is not adequate
and 5. antiplatelet, thins blood

Answer 57

A

treat symptoms - pain NSAIDS and opioids
treat infection - systemic abx
treat obstruction - pass, stent, surgical removal

Answer 58

A

peritonitis
PD

Answer 59

A

toxic levels
2. o since we only do it 3 days a week, drugs cant be excrete from body regularly, can circulate in active forms for prolonged periods = toxic
3. drug dose
4. subtherapeutic
5. after dialysis

Answer 60

A

-Complicated UTI
-Nosocomial/hospital acquired UTI
-Frequent UTI
-UTI is unresponsive to therapy
X-lower UTI
-Questionable diagnosis – don’t know what it is

Answer 61

A

1 - 6 = Both
7. HD
8. HD
9. PD
10. PD

Answer 62

A

o Hemorrhage
o Infection
o Retention of stone fragments

Answer 63

A

T
T
F - water
T
T
F - prevent stones
T
T

Answer 64

A

oliguria = < 400 ml/day or < 30 ml/hour
begins 1 day after hypotensive event and lasts 1-3 weeks
Metabolic acidosis
waste product accumulation – no excretion, build up of waste
Hyponatremia – no excretion, dilution issue
Hyperkalemia – no excretion, accumulation issue
Neurologic disorders – r/t hyponataremia
AKI can develop into CKD if pt doesn’t recover

Answer 65

A

Patient has lost bladder and no longer has a urine reservoir

Answer 66

A

includes (with expected findings)
- bilirubin = none
- color = amber yellow
- glucose = none
- ketones = none
- odor = aromatic
- pH = 4.6 – 6
- protein = zero – trace
- RBCs = 0 – 4
- Specific gravity = 1.010 – 1.030 (shows concentration so hydrated = low, dehydrated = high)
- WBCs = 0 – 5

Answer 67

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)

size, shape, and position of kidneys
Radiopaque stones are gallbladder, kidney, etc. stones that can be seen on X-rays

Answer 68

A

1
2 - automated and continuous ambulatory

Answer 69

A

Post op
- Expected finding – hematuria
- Unexpected finding – low urine output = might imply obstruction
- Stent placement – helps facilitate passage of fragments
o Removed after 1-2 weeks

Answer 70

A

bladder scanner

Answer 71

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
equalize concentrations

Answer 72

A

Non-contrast Spiral CT (CT/KUB)

Answer 73

A

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 74

A

o Positive nitrites = indicates bacteria
o Increased WBC = indicates pyuria
o Positive leukocyte esterase (an enzyme present in WBCs) = indicates pyuria

Answer 75

A

Prevention
o Keep HTN and DM controlled
o Be mindful of nephrotoxicity drugs
 NSAIDS and aminoglycosides
o Be mindful of nephrotoxicity Contrast dye
 Admin acetylcysteine – prior to contrast to lower risks
 Force fluids – prior to and after

Answer 76

A

hemodialysis

Answer 77

A

Right Intra Jugular (IJ)

Femoral

Answer 78

A

all true

o If you put cath in vagina first, leave it
o Never pull it out and try again

Answer 79

A

tenckhoff catheter
Healing period: Requires 1-2 weeks for the exit site to heal.
Hygiene: Once healed, showering and patting the area dry are allowed.
Daily catheter care: Essential to prevent infections.
Antiseptic solution: Use an antiseptic solution to clean the catheter and exit site.
Dressing: During the healing period, a clean dressing should be applied. After healing, a dressing is not typically required.
Site examination: Examine the exit site daily for signs and symptoms of infection, such as redness, swelling, tenderness, or drainage.

Answer 80

A

kidney stones

Answer 81

A

UTI that has spread to blood (systemic circulation)
Life threatening

Answer 82

A

decreased GFR = < 90 ml/min
decreased UOP = < 30 ml/hr (with or without decrease in UO)
increased BUN = > 20
increased Cr = > 1.2

Answer 83

A

potassium

kidneys excrete most potassium
kidney disease = kidneys aren’t excreting properly

Answer 84

A

Orthotopic neobladder
continent diversion to urethra
no bag, most closely mimics natural pee
Cutaneous reservoir
continent diversion to skin
no external bag, down side is the self cath required
Ileal conduit
incontinent diversion to skin
stoma, external bag, body image,

Answer 85

A

external/indirect

Answer 86

A

Creatinine clearance

for GFR, lower = worse

Answer 87

A

o Pain
 visceral - originates from the internal organs kidneys and ureters
 “renal colic” – waxes and wanes
 Can cause hemodynamic compromise – pain is so bad it starts messing with vitals (treating pain may be priority so hemodynamic compromise doesn’t occur)
 Flank pain is typically especially severe pain
 treat with NSAIDS and opioids

Answer 88

A

disequilibrium syndrome - esp first few times

Answer 89

A

o stone is < 4 mm = may pass spontaneously through urine
o stone is > 4 mm = usually doesn’t pass, may need stent placement (makes urethra opening larger)
o removal of stones

Answer 90

A

bladder emptying

Answer 91

A

phase 1: inflow “fill”
- 2 L of dialysate is introduced into abdomen – bag is elevated
- 10 mins
Phase 2: dwell
- Diffusion and osmosis taking place via semiperm membrane (peritoneum)
- Dwell time varies
Phase 3: drain
- Emptying out of used dialysate by gravity flow – bag is on ground
- 15 – 30 mins

Answer 92

A

 Caffeine
 Alcohol
X ruff-age foods
 Citrus juice
 Chocolate
 Spicy foods
X cranberry juice

Answer 93

A

Ureter is totally obstructed for any reason

Answer 94

A

Types:
- Ileal conduit – incontinent diversion to skin
- Cutaneous reservoir – continent diversion to skin
- Orthotopic neobladder – continent diversion to urethra