WEEK 4 - Confronting AMR

Question 1

How does AMR arise

6 reasons

Answer 1

• Misuse of antibitoics
  - i.e. overprescribing
  - inc. misuse in humans and livestock
• Not completeing full course
• Using wrong antibiotics
  - lack of rapid diagnostics
  - i.e. dose, class, strength
• Poor infection control in hospitals and clinic
• Lack of hygiene and poor sanitation
• Lack of new antibiotics

Question 2

Why is AMR a problem

Answer 2

• Its a growing global issue, as no new antibiotics have been discovered for >30 years
• Can lead to death, by 2050 it will be the biggest killer globally (WHO)
  - i.e. people will suffer from minor infections
• Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics very quickly (very shortly after drug is intorudced)

NOTE:
- its everyone’s responsibility not only HCP

Question 3

What is the UK government approach to tackling AMR

Answer 3

NAP = National Action Plan

• Every 5 years a new NAP is produced builidng on the previous action plan
• Originally began / publisehed in 2019 to control AMR by 2040 (20 year plan)
• 2024-2029 the 2nd NAP was published
  - this acted on the first NAP success and lesson
  - introduced 4 themes, with 9 outcomes

Question 4

What are the overal aims and principles of 2024-2029 NAP

NAP = National Action Plan

Answer 4

• Reduce infections
• Optimise antimicrobial use in humans, animals, food, environment etc.
  - “one health approach”
• Reduce inequalities amongst diff. members of society
  - having interventions that recognise discrepancies
  - IMD1 = most deprived
  - IMD5 = least deprived
• Invest in research to address AMR
• Monitor and evaluate progress
• Work with international partners to share and recognise good practices

Question 5

List the 4 themes

(There is a total of 9 outcomes amongst these)

Answer 5

1. Reducing the need for, and unintentional exposure to, antimicrobials
2. Optimising the use of antimicrobials
3. Investing in innovation, supply and access
4. Being a good global partner

Question 6

Theme 1: Reducing the need for, and unintentional exposure to, antimicrobials

Answer 6

Outcome 1: IPC and infection management
- MOST IMPORTANT
- Infection, prevention and control (IPC)
- Prevention is better than cure
- Improve ease of cleaning to prevent contamination

Outcome 2: Public engagement and education
- Use public awareness campaigns, eductional settings etc. to increase public knowledge

Outcome 3: Strengthened surveillance
- Improve capability to measure, predict, mitigate evolution and transmission of resistant genes

Question 7

Theme 2: Optimising the use of antimicrobials

Answer 7

Outcome 4: Antimicrobial stewardship and disposal
- Shared decision making, holisitc approach
- Appropriate prescribing + disposal

Outcome 4: AMR Workforce
- Effective waste management of unused antibiotics
- Avoid exposure to unneccesary antibiotics for both humans and livestock

Question 8

Theme 3: Investing in innovation, supply and access

Answer 8

Outcome 6: Innovation and influence
- Investing in new vacciness, meds, diagnostic tools, alternative thearpies etc.
- Overcoming market barriers

Outcome 7: Using information for action
- Improve research infrastructure and research networks

Outcome 8: Health disparities & health inequalities
- Improve data collection + reporting regarding health inequalities
- Target interventions to adress + reduce inequalities

Question 9

Theme 4: Being a good global partner

Answer 9

Outcome 9: Innovation and influence
- Build sustainable partnerships
- Support global surveillance
- Support acces to new and exisiting antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics etc.
- Promote the development and use of global standards for manufacturing + waste management
- Support responsible + optimal use of antimicrobials in farming