Week 4: Chapter 10 Ordinary Income Flashcards
What is Ordinary Income?
not defined in legislation and takes on its common law meaning
What does assessable income include if you are an Australian resident?
ordinary income derived directly or indirectly from all sources (in or out of Australia), during the income year
What is NOT assessable income?
‘Exempt income’ or ‘non-assessable non-exempt income’
What are the 2 concepts that identify whether an item is “income”?
Trust and Flow Concept
What is the Trust Concept?
Draws distinction between the ‘income’ of the estate and the ‘corpus’ of the estate
Note:
Under trust law, a person holding a life estate in certain property has the right to benefit from income derived from the property (eg rent) during their lifetime, but is not entitled to dispose of the property (eg the land), which is held for the benefit of the remainderman.
What is the flow concept?
Income represents the flow from a particular source
‘fruit and tree’ metaphor
Describe the flow concept in greater detail?
returns generated from the exploitation or use of capital assets are ordinarily of an income nature.
What are some examples of flow concept income?
- rent arising from a lease of land
- interest received on a loan of money
- royalties derived from the grant of a licence to use copyright, and
- dividends received in respect of shares.
What does it mean for income must ‘come in’ and be ‘money’ or ‘convertible into money’?
for something to be income it must ‘come in’ to a taxpayer and be received as money or in a form that is convertible into money—otherwise there is no ‘gain’ that can be taxed.
What case talks about Be received as cash or in a form that is convertible into cash?
(Tennant v Smith)
What is the mutuality principle?
taxpayers cannot derive income from themselves (The Bohemians Club)
When will the Mutuality Principle be applied?
Complete identity between the contributors and participants (Municipal Mutual Insurance)
A reasonable relationship between what a member contributes and that member’s expected participation in the common fund (Coleambally Irrigation)
What does it mean by “Quality in the recipient’s hands”?
Whether an amount is income ‘depends upon its quality in the hands of the recipient, not the character of the expenditure by the other party’ (McNeil)
What relevant factors determine the “Quality”
Recurrence, regularity and periodicity (Keily ,Inkster)
Continuing expectation of receipt (Blake)
Profit-making objective (Myer Emporium Ltd)
What are the 4 categories of ordinary income?
Income from personal exertion
Income from business
Income from profit making schemes
Income from property
What is income from personal exertion?
Rewards for services and
payments incidental
to employment, but not gifts or payments for
relinquishing or restricting rights
What is income from business?
Ordinary proceeds of a business and profits from trading transactions, but not gains from the mere realisation of capital assets
What is income from profit-making schemes?
Profits from isolated commercial transactions entered into with the purpose of making a profit
What is income from property?
Flows from the use of capital assets but not gains accruing to capital assets
Regarding rewards for services and payments incidental to employment what categories constitute “income”?
- Reward for services
- Voluntary payments to professional activities
- Payments made by 3rd parties that are ‘incidental’ to employment may be income.
What is substitutes for income?
Payments that substitute or supplement income may constitute income:
-Supplementary payments from former civilian employer to ‘make up’ difference between civilian and military wage (Dixon)
Does personal gifts constitute income?
Payments that are traced to some personal relationship between the payer and the recipient are generally not income:
What are 2 examples of personal gifts that do NOT constitute income?
Receipt of shares by an accountant from a friend who was his former employer (Hayes)
Money received by a solicitor from a former client as a personal gift (Scott)
Realisation of capital assets are generally ______ in nature
capital
