WEEK 4: Cancer screening & Cancer care policy in Botswana Flashcards
What is cancer screening?
Cancer screening means checking your body for cancer before you have symptoms.
Getting screening tests regularly may find breast, cervical, and colorectal (colon) cancers early, when treatment is likely to work best.
State the Rationale for screening.
- Reduce incidence
Prevent disease from starting.
Example: cervical cancer screening - Reduce mortality
Early detection with high chance of cure
Example breast cancer screening
Screening can find cancers early. Early detection means more treatment optionsand better outcomes.
Screening is recommended for who?
Screening is only recommended for people who are not experiencingsymptoms.
State 3 advantages of screening.
-It may give you an indication of cancer before symptoms develop.
-It may find cancer at an early stage when treatments could be of benefit.
-If treatment is successful, the worst possible outcomes of more advanced cancer, including death, are avoided
State the disadvantage of screening.
For the person who had no signs of cancer in the test, although they actually have cancer.
They will not get treatment as early as they could and may have a false sense.
The process of screening is drived by 3 main steps.
1. Recruitment
2.Screening and assessment
3. Diagnosis
Describe what happens under each step.
- Recruitment
Public mobilization for participation
Target vs population - Screening and assessment
Target population offered the proposed screening. - Diagnosis
Assessed patients diagnosed with disease.
State the screening Principles I
- Condition
- Test
Condition
* Condition should be an important public health problem.
* There should be a recognized latent or early symptomatic stage.
* Natural history of the condition should be known and understood.
Test
* The ability of a test to correctly identify those with disease and those without specificity/ sensitivity/predictive value.
*There should be a suitable reliable test or examination.
*The test should be acceptable to the population.
State screening principle II.
- Treatment
- Screening program
Treatment
* There should be treatment for patients with recognized disease.
Screening program
* There should be an agreed policy on the target population.
* Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available.
* Cost of case-finding should be economically balanced in relation to possible expenditure on medical care as a whole.
* Case finding should be predictive and sustained (continuing process).
State the 6 principles of an ideal screening program.
- Organized and structured
- Predictive
- Sustainable
- Responsive
- Clear milestone
- Clear indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Describe the 6 commonly recommended cancer screening program.
- Type of cancer
2.Screening method
- Frequency
- CERVICAL CANCER
- SCREENING METHOD: HPV screening, PAP Smear, VIA / VILLI
- FREQUENCY: At least once in a lifetime for sexually active women
- BREAST CANCER
*Breast self-exam, Mammography
*Know your breasts
- COLORECTAL CANCER
*Occult blood testing
*Colonoscopy
* Annually to every 2 years
- PROSTATE CANCER
*DRE: Digital rectal exam
*PSA
*Highly controversial - SKIN CANCER
*Self-awareness
State the 3 main symptoms of colorectal cancer.
Symptoms can include blood in your stool.
*Abdominal pain
*Change in bowel habits
*Weight loss.
If you are experiencing these symptoms, talk to your health care provider about a referral for diagnostic testing to determine the cause of these symptoms.
State 7 ways of cancer prevention.
- Don’t use tobacco. Using any type of tobacco puts you on a collision course withcancer. …
- Eat a healthy diet. …
- Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active. …
- Protect yourself from the sun. …
- Get vaccinated. …
- Avoid risky behaviors. …
- Get regular medical care.
State the 4 steps required by individuals and health care providers to improve cancer screening practices.
knowledge
Attitudes
Ability
Reinforcement
Cancer registries are used in the monitoring and evaluation of cancer control.
What is their main aim?
Cancer registries- aimed at pre-invasive conditions (eg., breast cancer), reduction in mortality rather than incidence
Monitors performance by providing data on so-called ‘intermediate outcome measures’.
State the 3 suitable monitoring statistics from cancer registries.
- The incidence of intervals (cancer detected between screening tests)
- The stage distribution of screen-detected cancers compared to the distribution of non-screen-detected cancers.
- If screening is effective, screen-detected cancers should show better survival than non-screened cases.
