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BVMS Module 5 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the carnivore male repdoctive system include?

A

paired testes, paired gonadal tracts, accessory glands, urethra + penis

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2
Q

what form the accessory glands?

A

ampulla, prostate, bulboeurethal gland, vesicular glands.

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3
Q

describe the functions of male repdoctive system?

A

productions of gametes, androgens hormones, testosterone, production of semen,

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4
Q

name the external genetalia of male reprodo?

A

penis, prepuce, scrotum, testis

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5
Q

describe the canine penis?

A

extensive erectile tissue. consists of root, body, glands
Os penis present
Slung between thighs.

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6
Q

describe the Root and Body of penis?

A 
2 crura (left and right Crus) with urethra between and combine to form body. 
corpus cavernosum - allows for erection to occur - connective tissue causing arose crura of penis and testis
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7
Q

what is the Tunica albuginea?

A

fibrous envelope that extends the length of the corpora cavernosum penis - allows for erection tissue and function.

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8
Q

describe the corpus spongiosum penis?

A

formed from vascular leave around urethra.
begins the Bulb of penis, and continues around urethera
expands distal to corpus cavernosum to form glands
Uretheral orifice - tip of penis.

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9
Q

describe the Os penis?

A

BONE that is distal end of corpus cavernosum, ventral groove - protects Urethra!

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10
Q

what is the Pars long glandis

A

split into bulbus and a pars longa.

pars longa is the distal three-fourths. During erection the dorsal part in particular is swollen enormously.

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11
Q

describe the prepuce?

A

invagination of abdominal skin, opens caudal to umbilicus, contains two layers - lamina externa and lamina interna

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12
Q

describe the lamina interna?

A

hairless, lined with lymphoid tissue, smegma - secreting preputial glands. paired muscle arise from cutaneous trunci.
in a new born - prepuce and penis are fused.

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13
Q

what are some clinical problems in the prepuce?

A

congenital narrowing of preputial orifice - prevents extrusion of penis = phimosis

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14
Q

what is paraphimosis?

A

the inability to retract penis - impaired circulation.

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15
Q

name the 4 penile muscles?

A

1) Bulbospongious (single) - continue of uretheralis.
2) Ischiocarvernosi (paired) - arise from ischium + enclose crura
3) Ischiourethralis - passes into fibrous ring, encloses penis veins.
4) Petractor penis - mainly smooth muscle

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16
Q

describe the penile arterial supply?

A

Internal pudendal artery - artery of penis = perineal arteries, dorsal artery of penis, deep artery of penis, artery of bulb = corpus spongiosum.
external pudenual artery = preputial arteries.

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17
Q

describe the penile venous drainage?

A

Dorsal vein supples bulb of penis and corpus cavernosum

Fibrous ring associated with ischourtatheiros (erection)

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18
Q

describe the 2 stages of Penile Erection?

A

1 = increased blood flow through artery, occlusion of venous outflow.
dilation of cavernous spaces to arterial pressure.
2 = contraction of ischiocavernous + bulbospongious, blood forced into cavernous spaces above arterial pressure. in Rhythmic fashion.

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19
Q

what occurs in the dog during erection?

A

the corpus spongiosum expands MORE than corpus cavernosum which allows for the ‘tie’ to occur.
Dog dismounts + faces away from bitch, bulbous glands remain swollen,
Bulbospongious eventually relaxes and allows for escape of blood.

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20
Q

describe the scrotum?

A

location varies with species.
thin skin - optimum temperature blow body temp (3degrees cooler)
medium groove denotes internal spectrum.

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21
Q

describe the lining of the testis skin?

A

Dartos - smooth muscle

contracts to bring close to body.

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22
Q

describe the Dartos muscle?

A

internal spectrum formed for darts - divides into right/left compartments.

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23
Q

what is the vaginal tunica?

A

the pampiniform plexus contains through inguinal canal the spermatic cord, testis + epididymis.

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24
Q

describe the inguinal canal?

A

poetical space - slit between caudal abdominal wall muscles, runs between superficial + deep inguinal rings.

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25
Q

what is the function of the inguinal canal?

A

allows transmission of testes to scrotum - contains spermatic cord.

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26
Q

describe the carnivore testes?

A

produces gametes below body temp, contained with vaginal tunic, small to farm animals.

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27
Q

describe the capsule in the testes

A

tunica albuginea, connective/smooth tissue, epididymis lines the testicle

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28
Q

parenchyma describe it?

A

brown/yellowish soft tissue.

interstiutum - leading cells, seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

what is the mediastinum testes?

A

contains Rete testis, drain to head of epididymis, via efferent ductules - semiferous tubules.

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30
Q

describe the epididymis?

A

head, body, tail = sperm travel in that way.

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31
Q

what do efferent ductules combine to form

A

convoluted epididymal duct

can also store sperm and let it travel

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32
Q

name the ligaments used for attachment of testicules?

A

ligamentous structure, proper ligament of testes - attaches tail of epididymis to testis
scrotal ligament - attaches parrell tunic to scrotum

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33
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A

contained with vaginal tunic, testicular artery/vein, lymphactis, cremated muscle.

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34
Q

what does the deferent duct do?

A

carries sperm to prostatic urethera , runs with testicualr vessels
crosses dorsal bladder neck - enters prostate + joins urethera

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35
Q

describe the testicular artery ?

A

bulk of spermatic cord, branch form abdominal aorta,

runs to vaginal ring, craniel and caudal epidiydimal branches.

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36
Q

describe the testicular veins?

A

drains blood from testes, elaborate pampiliform plexus wrapped round convoluted testicular artery!
allows heat exchange.

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37
Q

what does the pampilliform plexus do?

A

is a venous plexus – a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord, and the suspensory ligament of the ovary.

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38
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A

continued with vahginal tunic, deferent duct, artery + vein. Cremaster muscle

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39
Q

describe the deferent duct?

A

carries sperm to prostatic urethera.
runs with testicualr vessels
enters prostate + joins urethera

in dogs slight dilation

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40
Q

describe the testicular artery in spermatic cord?

A

bulk of spermatic cord, runs to vaginal ring, extremely convoluted distally, crainal and caudal epididymal branches.

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41
Q

describe the testicular vein in spermatic cord?

A

drains blood from testis,
elaborate pampilliform plexus wrapped around convoluted testicualr artery. - allows heat exchange between vein and artery to cool the blood heading to testis

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42
Q

what is the cremaster muscle?

A

origin - internal abdominal obligue muscle.
runs along parietal vaginal tunic.
allows retraction of testes.

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43
Q

describe imaging of testis?

A

ultrasound - allows detection of testicular masses.

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44
Q

describe testicular decent?

A

Gubernaculum testis - mesenchymal - extends form abdominal testis through inguinal canal to scrotum.

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45
Q

what are the 3 layers in the gubernaculum testis?

A

Pars propria
Pars vaginallis
Pars infravaginalis

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46
Q

how does swelling of the gubernaculum cause opening for lingual canal?

A

allows for draw of testis into scotum.

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47
Q

what happens when testicular decent goes wrong?

A

Cryptorchidism - occurs - undefended testis in inguinal canal.
may also be in abdominal cavity
more likely to develop neoplasia.

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48
Q

describe the accessory glands in the pelvic reproductive organs?

A

ampulla glands
prostate glands
urethra - runs from orifice at bladder neck to external orfiice at top of penis.

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49
Q

describe the pelvic/internal urethra?

A

initially contained within prostate, dorsal ridge ion lumen, caudally lives on pelvic floor.

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50
Q

describe the penile/external urethra?

A

runs through penis between cavernous tissues groove of os penis.

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51
Q

describe the ampulla gland (dogs only)?

A

dilation of terminal vas deferent before entering prostate, lined with glandular tissue, small portion of ejactulate, capsule + septa with smooth muscle.

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52
Q

describe the Prostate?

A

bulk of semen production
two parts - 1. large compact section around proximal urethra - bilobed
2. vestigial disseminated part with urethera mucosa.
bigger in dogs than cats

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53
Q

how is the prostate divided?

A

L + R lobes with grooves by dorsal groove.
smooth capsule with smooth muscle, completely encloses urethra in DOGS
vascular supply via prostate artery.

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54
Q

prostate enlargement? describe it?

A 
most common to hormonal influence, 
Benign prostatic hyperplasia. 
inflammation, neoplasia, cystic disease.
more common in dogs than cats 
ultrasound used.
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55
Q

explain the stallion male reproductive anatomy>

A

penis = musclarcavounous

deferent ducts - prostate, vesicular glands, bulbonal glands, ampulliae

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56
Q

explain the ruminants male reproductive anatomy?

A

fiberoelastic penis = sigmoid flexure, Long narrow prepuce, pendulous scrotum,
Vas deferences - ampullae , prostate, vesicular glands, bulbonal glands

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57
Q

explain the Boar male reproductive anatomy?

A

Fiberoelastic penis - sigmoid flexure - perinatal scrotal location, large vesicular and bulbortaral glands with prostate aswell. 200-1000ml ejaculate.

58
Q

explain the equine male reproductive anatomy?

A

expansion of corpus spongiosum over apex of penis,
neck = collum glandis
head = corona glands
dorsal process = extends over corpus cavernosusm.

59
Q

describe the equine prepuce?

A

Additional fold in wall, allows erection to occur, preputial orifice outer membrane to preputial cavity.
preputial ring - entrance to inner sleeve
glandular lining -

60
Q

describe erection in stallion?

A

increased blood flow - venous occlusion, contraction of ischiocavernous muscle
engorgmnet of cavernous spaces.
65ml of ejaculate average.

61
Q

describe the Fibroelastic penis? (boar-ruminants)

A

corpus cavernosum - small blood spaces.

corpus fibroelastic tissue - rigid when not erect. rapid erection - not much blood needed.

62
Q

name the penile muscles?

A 
Paired retrator penis muscles. 
Urethrailis 
Bulbospongious 
Ischiocavernous
Ischiourthralis
63
Q

describe the paired retractor penis muscles?

A

caudal vertebrae, around to rectum.

attaches at 2nd bend of sigmoid flexure, contrition through sympathetic nerves.

64
Q

describe the body of the ruminant penis?

A

1m long in bull
Circular cross section
outer fibrous tunic, tunica albengina
suspensory ligaments suppost caudal body

65
Q

describe the glands of the ruminant penis?

A

small soft, asymsymtrical, vertically bent
urethral process projects out
sigmoid flexure - palpable caudal to serotum

66
Q

describe the ruminant prepuce?

A

long narrow, skin upper lesser

longnitudal folds.

67
Q

describe the boar penis?

A

thin, relativity long (60cm when flaccid)
shaft of penis - spirals
erection length increases ^ 25% turns about more 6 times

68
Q

descirbe the boar prepuce?

A

long, narrow caudal part houses and of penis.
preputial diverticulum in pig - dorsal to craniel portion
may become influential + resins umbral hernia.

69
Q

describer the equine scrtoum + testis?

A

located beneath pubis
central raphe extends from perineum to prepuce.
thick skin with sebaceous glands.
no visible mediastinum

70
Q

describe the ruminant testies?

A

large and plump, vertically-orientated in scrotum.

tortuous intrascapular vessels seen on surface.

71
Q

describe why the ram has different testis?

A

ram testis are covered in wool – this may increase the temp so need to make sure it doesn’t effect temp, by trimming or removing.

72
Q

what are karyotyping?

A

is the process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes

73
Q

describe how karyotyping works?

A 
nucleated cells isolated from minerals 
⬇️
cells undergo cell division 
⬇️
'arrested' in metaphase (in mitosis) 
⬇️
stained on slides + dropped onto slide
74
Q

what are the different types of staining when karyotyping?

A

light and dark banding pattern
characteristic for each chromosome
change can be used to detach abnormalities

75
Q

can metaphase chromosomes be used?

A

yes they can be replicated + condensed so can use a light microscope for viewing.

76
Q

what are the 3 different types of centromere positions?

A

Acrocentric - 3/4 way up the chromosome
metacentric - 1/2 up
telocentric - tip of chromosomes

77
Q

what is Aneuploidy?

A

Presence or absence of one or more chromosome usually effecting X chromosome.
changes in chromosome numbers

78
Q

what does mosaic mean in chromosome behaviour?

A

animals with one or more cells derived a single zygote

79
Q

what happens when free Martin cattle are chimeras?

A

2 emybros develop 1 female 1 male - placenta anatomies can occur - 90%
98% female calf born but will be infertile.
male twin is also chimera- normal genitalia but sub fertile.

80
Q

what is Trisomy 21

A

down syndrome - most common chromosal abnormality amongst human live births.

81
Q

what is SRY?

A

responsible for male sex determination in mammals.

82
Q

describer molecular basis in horses?

A

male and female reversal in horses - normally have SRY-ve hence lack in processes that cause a fetus to develop gonadas.

83
Q

what are the main XXY abnormalities?

A

makes with an extra X chromosome
causes infertility
in humans known as Klinefelter syndrome
1-1000 births

84
Q

name the changes in chromosome structure?

A

they arise when chromosome breaks + not returned to original struture
genetically balanced
types would be - deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

85
Q

what is roberstain translocation?

A

centromere of two Acrocentric chromosomes fuse together to give one large chromosome.

86
Q

what are the main causes of roberstain transolaction?

A

may be inherited, others can occur as random events in formation of reproductive cells

87
Q

what are receptor superfamilies?

A

G-protein-coupled receptors
seconds, muscaric, ACh receptors.
Nuclear receptors
hours, oestrogen

88
Q

how are hormones used for reproductive pharmococloy?

A

used act as different receptor types, different hormones has different half-lifes and receptor affinity.

89
Q

how is GnRH used for ovulations in female?

A

GnRHs synthetic analogues are used to induce ovulation in anovualury female animals.

90
Q

what does a small dose of GnRH cause?

A

small does ➡️ induction of LH pulses ➡️ stimulates oestradiol synthesis in selected follicles

91
Q

what does a large dose of GnRH cause?

A

High does ➡️ induction of gonatodtopin surge ➡️ ovulation of sleeted follicles 36hrs.

92
Q

what effect does an very potent GnRH receptor agonist cause on gonadtophin secretion?

A

will inhibit secretion after initial flare effect. LH declines - causes down regulation of GnRH receptors .
Gondatrope cell is no longer GnRH responsive.

93
Q

how is infertility effected?

A

GnRH angles can be used as a diagnostic test for infertility.
using long term GnRH angle implant to temp suppress reproduction.

94
Q

what are some reversible contraception techniques used?

A

1) Seprelonin for feral cats + dogs used in trap/release primates.
2) Nicarbazin bait to control pest bird species by preventing hatching of eggs.
3) GnRH vaccine e.g) Gonacam TM
4) porcine zona pellucida vaccine

95
Q

what steroid hormones are used for contraception techniques?

A

progesterone, oestradiol + derivatives used frequently
causes synchronised oestrus and ovulation leads to: treatment of cystic ovaries,
oestrogen/androgen dependent tumors,
prevention of blood abortions.

Progesterone can be medically modified for longterm activity or oral use for small animal contraception.

96
Q

how are pregnane steriod used in bitchs to control birth?

A

used as a contraception in all dogs
But… progesterone receptor antagonist Aglepristone, abolishes progesterone actions + terminates pregnancy in the bitch.
CLs maintain pregnancy in a long luteal phase via progesterone effects on the uterus + fetus.
Terminating the pregnancy will cause effects to not effect.

97
Q

in LA how can the luteal phase be controlled?

A

PGF2-a used to manipulate the reproductive cycle by controlling time of lutelyosis.

98
Q

in LA how can parturition be controlled?

A

induced by wing glucocorticoids imitates cortisol rise normally readying onset of partition.

99
Q

in Sheep how can we advance their cycles?

A

melatonin treatments to mimik long nights,
Melatonin in administered as subcutaneous implant after ewes have seen daylight in spring.
Rams can be introduced 6 weeks earlier so 2 months ealier for lambing.

100
Q

how does lactation occur?

A 
ant.Pit = prolactin 
Post.Pit = oxytocin

Oxytocin aids the milk ejection from teat - stimulates uterine contractions aiding parturition like Ferguson reflex is activated. - stimulate alveolar myometrium cells just like milk letdown reflex action.

B2 adrenoceptors agonists will relax smooth muscles f uterus + coordinates contractions.

101
Q

how does sex determination occur?

A 
determined by genetic factors. 
Includes: 
-SRY gene
-Wnt signalling pathway 
-Wnt4 - signalling protein B-catenin promotes female -gonadal development 
-RSPO7 gene - B-catenin signalling 
-Wilms tumor 1 - transcription factor 
-FOG2 + GATA4
102
Q

What does SRY gene mean?

A

Y chromosome indicated that testis formation SRY (sex region on Y chromosome)

103
Q

what are the most important critical genes include?

A

SOX9 + FOXL2

104
Q

what must occur for a female to be genetical made?

A

Wnt4 ➡️ B-Catenin with (FOXL2) ➡️SOX9 ❌ indifferent gonad ➡️ ovary made

105
Q

what must occur for a male to be genetical made?

A

WT1
FOG2. ➡️SRY ➡️ SOX9 (with FOXL2, Wnt4 ➡️ B-catenin)
GATA4

leads to indifferent gonad ➡️ testis

106
Q

name the 3 kidney pairs in the development of reproductive system?

A

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

107
Q

what is the mesonephric duct?

A

mesospheric kidney runs to UG sinus.

108
Q

what does the metanephric diverticulum devopl into?

A

has grown into the UG sinus to become ureter

109
Q

what does the UG sinus develop into?

A

bladder.

110
Q

what occurs on Day 7 of pregnancy?

A

primordial germ cells begin to develop before gonad starts to form.

111
Q

what occurs on Day 12 pregnancy?

A

Germ cells migrate, travel through hind gut to sex cords./

112
Q

describe the Testis devopelmnt?

A

1) Germ cell enters gonad
2) coelmic epithelia cells invade gonad + become sterolsi cells
3) form sec cords
4) Germ cells enter cords
5) Sex cords ‘detach’ to form semiferous tubules
6) Paramesonephric duct degernates
7) mesospheric duct persists

113
Q

describe ovary development?

A

indfiifernet gonad - No Y chromosome so coelmic epithelium doesn’t invade to form sterols cells.
Germ cells from oocyte nests + then go form primordial follicles + some time before birth.

114
Q

what is another name for Paramesonephric duct?

A

Mullerian duct

115
Q

what is another name for mesonephric duct?

A

Wolffian duct

116
Q

what controls occur when no testis are produced and a female is made/

A

leads to no testosterone ➡️ unstable mesonephric duct degernetaes ➡️ no male tract

aswell as No AMH ➡️ stable paramesonephric duct persists ➡️ female tract ✅

117
Q

what controls occur when testis are produced and a male is made?

A

leads to Testosterone being produced ➡️ stabilise the mesospheric duct which is normally unstable ➡️ male tract ✅

Produces AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) ➡️ causes stable paramesonephric duct to degenerate ➡️ no female tract

118
Q

what occurs in bovine freemartin twins that’s causes infertility?

A

Dizygotic bovine twins of opposite sex - placental fusion leads to blood mixing
female is always 95% infertile, due to androgen + AMH from male.
Males are often sub fertile.

119
Q

fetal testis development - describe it?

A

Sertoli cells contain germ cells ➡️ spermatogenesis stem cells ➡️ leydig cells in interstium between twinkles contain blood vessels + lymph nodes, pertitibular myoid cells

120
Q

describe the histology of testis?

A

fetal testis - haemotoxylin stained ( shows nuclei of cell types)
immunohistochemistry staining (shows specific cell types)
- Monocytes in RED
Steroli cells in GREEN

121
Q

describe the mechanisms of development of the testis?

A

1) SRY induces sertoli cell differentiation
2) Sertoli cells form sex cords + then tubules.
3) Sertoli cells secrete DHh + PGF2-a to induce Lydia cells formation.

122
Q

what is Dhh?

A

Desert hedgehog - protein encoded by DHH gene

123
Q

what is PDGF-a?

A

Platelet derived growth factor alpha

124
Q

describe the adults testis structure?

A

Spermastic cord above body of epididymis, below is the tail of epididymis and the gabermaculum below at the bottom. Tunic albugenia is beside body of epididymis.

125
Q

describe the Leydig Cell?

A

found in interstitial space between tubules.

Cells function to make androgens, primarily testosterone under control of LH release from ant.pit.

126
Q

what do leydig cells do in the fetus?

A

ensure masculinisation

127
Q

what do leydig cells do in the adult?

A

necessary for fertility, sex drive, maintenance of secondary sex characterises.

128
Q

describe the Sertoli cells?

A

controlled by FSH from ant.pit + androgen release from leydig cells.
essential regulator of testis devopelmen - SRY acts to S.C forms blood tests barrier.
Secretes AMH.

129
Q

what is the particular myoid cell?

A

Contractile, androgen - dependent,

Essential for normal spermatogenesis.

130
Q

describe the first stage in testis decent?

A

Androgens cause suspensory ligaments to degernate INSL3 starts to shorten the gubernaculum.
Leads to - androgens complete shortening of gubernaculum + movement of testis into scrotum . INSL3 + testosterone both from Leydig cells.

131
Q

what does testis decent include?

A

Suspensory ligaments, testis, gubernaculum, scrotum, androgen, INSL3

132
Q

what is called when testes fail to decent?

A

Known as: Cryptorchid
unilateral or bilateral. Problems with AMH, androgens, CLRP, other factors.
can cause increased risk of testicular cancer- may be inherited may cause infertility.

133
Q

what is paracrine regulation?

A

distinct from endocrine regulators, which secrete substances directly into the blood stream, thus accessing other tissues as well.

134
Q

what is spermatogeneis?

A

application of cell numbers
cell differentiation occurs to produce ‘DNA package’
1 cell produces = 64
meiosis = 64 = 256
stage 1 - spematogonia - proliferation stage
stage 2 - spermatogenesis - cell differentiation occurs.

hormone control - largely through Sertoli cells.

  • FSH
  • testosterone.
135
Q

describe spematogonia?

A

proliferation stage
takes place on basement membrane
Diploid ➡️ primary spermatocyte ➡️ secondary speramtoyte ➡️developing sperm cells ➡️ sperm calls

136
Q

describe spermatogenesis?

A

cell differentiation occurs - nuclear condensation ➡️ acrosome forms form goligi ➡️ tail drops from centriole ➡️ cytoplasm re-distruibes ➡️ mitochondria re-arrange in middle piece.

137
Q

describe the Epididymis?

A 
function - to induce sperm maturation 
non-motile, non-fertile sperm enter head + become fertile + motile as trace through epididymis.
138
Q

name the type of cells in the epididymis?

A

Pseudostraified, columnar epithelium with stereolilied. smaller toward tail. androgen sensitive structure.

139
Q

descirbe the accessory glands in the testis?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethal glands
preputial glands

Androgen + species dependent - adds fluid to ejaculate, may be essential for embryo development,
all exocrine glands

140
Q

describe the seminal vesicles?

A

compound tubular glands- lined with tall Columnar secretary epithelium
surrounded by fibrous-muscular capsule.

BVMS Module 5 (4 decks)

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