Week 4 Flashcards
Correlate
Phenomenon that accompanies another phenomenon and is related in some way to it.
Main age correlate
15-24.
Adolescence to young adulthood.
Maturational Reform
The fact that people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older.
- Physically incapable
- More people depending on them.
- Socially responsible trajectory of human agency. (Ex: “getting wasted” no longer attractive).
Life Course Theory
Role of age-graded transitions and social controls.
Social bonds and major life events decrease likelihood of involvement in crime.
Romance-Crime Nexus
Males increase criminal behaviour after breaking of nonmarital relationships. When getting into another relationship, increase substance abuse.
Main gender correlate
Males
Role Convergence Hypothesis
As the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime.
No increase so far.
Possible explanations for gender crime gap:
Social structure (patriarchial traditions and gender roles). Home: raising children differently based on their gender.
Differential Offending Hypothesis
There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns.
Differential Treatment Hypothesis
Structured inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in criminal justice process.
Cultural Theories for IP Overrep.
Common law system’s norms, values, and procedures are often alien to IP which predispose them to conflict.
Issues with Cultural Theories
IP cultures are diverse, assume they have a static culture, assume their behaviour, assume that delinquency is in their culture.
Structural Theories
Criminality in historical context and structures of society. Institutional arrangements that lead to poor access of socially valuable resources.
The Colonial Model
One racial group invades territory of another, colonial society formed, first group is governed by colonizers, caste system developed based on race. Leads to blocked opportunity, and self-destructive coping mechanisms.
Mentocide
The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group’s minds with the ultimate objective being the extirpation of the group.
Cultural Limbo
A colonized population is routinely and forcefully expected to shed its Native identity, language, and customs.
Historic Trauma Transition Model
Social and psychological consequences of colonialism passed down to generations through biological channels, storytelling, direct result of abuse, and psychological avenues.
Critical Race Theory
Enforcement and interpretation of law is subjective, and reflects dominant group norms and values, and favours that group.
How is substance abuse a positive correlate to crime?
- Efforts to support addiction
- Under the influence
- Possesion of drugs is a crime.
How is socioeconomic status measured?
Education, income, and occupation.
Main correlate of SES
SES is crime specific because of different situations and opportunities.
However, main correlate is low SES.
Correlate of Spatial Locations
Prairies, and major cities.
Collective Efficacy
Social cohesion among neighbours combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good.
Classical School
Advocating principles of rights, fairness, due process in place of retribution, arbitrariness, and brutality.
Social contract. Deterrence.
Beccoria and Bentham.
Neoclassical Theory
Sought to allow more flexibility in the justice system - individualizing sentences to take into account characteristics and circumstances.
Deterrence
Crime prevention achieved through fear of punishment.
Why are theories important?
Come from real world, supported by empirical work, basis in actions in response to crime, make laws, policies, programs, crime prevention.
How to approach criminological theories:
Understand/Describe
Asses
Apply
