week 4

Question 1

what are the 2 metabolic states the body cycles through

Answer 1

absorptive state 
- after a meal absorption of nutrients
postabsorptive 
- between meals
- stored energy is mobilized for use

Question 2

what is the maintained levelof blood glucose

Answer 2

70-110mg/100ml of plasma

Question 3

where is glucose stored

Answer 3

stored in liver and sketelal muscle as glycogen

Question 4

what is glycogenesis

Answer 4

building glycogen from glucose –> glycogen

= decrease blood glucose

Question 5

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 5

break down of glycogen to release glucose
glycogen –>glucose

increase blood glucose

Question 6

gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

making new glucose molecules from amino acids–> glucose

increase blood clucose

Question 7

how does insulin effect

Answer 7

promotes glycogenesis
Promotes storage of fats (triglycerides) in adipose
tissue
Stimulates protein synthesis in body cells

Question 8

how does insulin work

Answer 8

binds to receptor on outside cell
Makes glucose transport molecule (GLUT4) available in cell membrane
through exocytosis
then glucose travels through these channels

Question 9

effects of glucagon

Answer 9

Stimulates glycogenolysis Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 10

differnce between hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia

Answer 10

Hyperglycaemia:
high blood glucose

Hypoglycaemia:
low blood glucose

Question 11

3 types of abornamilites with type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

1. insulin resistance
   - insulin produced but insulin receptors are unresponsive
2. decrease production of insulin
3. inappropriate glucose production
   - liver releases glucose when not needed

Question 12

what are some acute consequences of diabetes

Answer 12

Glycosuria (glucose in the urine)
• Polyuria (excessive urination)
• Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
• Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

Question 13

what are the 2 diseases related to blood vessel damage

Answer 13

microvasular disease
- retinopathy 
- nephropathy 
macrovascular disease
-

Question 14

what is retinoppathy microsvascular disease

Answer 14

Retinal capillaries become leaky
and develop microaneurysms
2. Microaneurysms can
haemorrhage causing bleeding in
the retina
3. Lack of oxygen to retina is
compensated by growth of new
blood vessels
(neovascularisation)

Question 15

what is Microvascular disease - nephropathy

Answer 15

Most common cause of endstage kidney disease
• Damage to small blood vessels
supplying the kidneys  leaky
capillaries
• Associated with increased
blood pressure and fluid
retention

Question 16

what is Macrovascular disease

Answer 16

Most common cause of death in type 2 diabetes

• coronary disease
• stroke
• peripheral vascular disease

Question 17

What causes neuropathy?

Answer 17

Neurons are insulin independent and can take up lots of
glucose during hyperglycaemia. Glucose is converted into
sorbitol inside the neurons which has an osmotic effect 
cell swelling and death
– Blood supply to nerves is impaired –> lack of oxygen &
nutrients

Question 18

what can neuropathies be in

Answer 18

sesnory
-numbness, painful sensations (hands/feet)
autonomic neuropathy
- delayed gastric emptying , erectile dysfunction

Question 19

what are 5 reasons for increased infection

Answer 19

1. Senses: numbness  decreased warning signs of
   damage
2. Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen  increased infection
   susceptibility
3. Pathogens: Like high glucose
4. Blood supply: decreased blood supply  decreased
   supply of white blood cells (WBCs)
5. WBCs: impaired function in diabetics

Question 20

what happens with leptin (long term controller

Answer 20

Dominant factor in long-term regulation of energy
intake
• Produced by adipose tissue & stimulates satiety
– increase adipose tissue causes increase leptin production, which
causes DECREASE appetite

Question 21

what are short term enegery controls

Answer 21

-Ghrelin stimulates appetite before a meal

• PYY, CCK & stomach distension after a meal stimulate satiety

Question 22

what is waist circumferences risk categories

Answer 22

Men 94cm 102cm

Women 80cm 88cm