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Unit 2: LGS > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

  • what is it made of?
  • what does it do?
  • special note
A
  • irregular fibrous connective tissue
  • tissue protection
  • considered its own system and has own drainage
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2
Q

How is it different that tendon/ligament/aponeuroses?

A

-less parallel, more disorganized, more dense

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3
Q

Benefits of fascia

A
  • allows for vasculature and nerves to pass through
  • permeates entire body, allowing for communication
  • groups muscles, which reduces friction
  • creates compartments; control spread of infection
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4
Q

Disadvantages of fascia

A
  • permeates entire body, can allow for metastasis and infection to easily spread throughout body
  • local damage can eventually lead to systemic damage; (muscle attachment and compensation)
  • creates compartments: blocked off areas can be exposed to increased pressure, leading to cut off of blood and nerve supply, leading to cellular death
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5
Q

Types of fascia

A
  • Faniculous adipose
  • Axial
  • Meningeal
  • Viceral
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6
Q

Faniculous adiposis

  • other name
  • derive from
  • location
  • function
A
  • superficial fascia/ sub cu
  • somatic mesenchyme
  • covers entire body; adipose layer right under skin
  • used for insulation, cushion, outermost layer that binds body together
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7
Q

Axial fascia

  • other name
  • derive from
  • location
  • function
A
  • deep
  • somatic mesenchyme
  • around muscles; continuous with appendicular fascia; on tendons/ligaments/and bones
  • makes up perimysium, epimysium, endomysium of muscles; as well as muscle compartments
  • allows for protection and ease of motion by providing surface for muscles to slide over each other
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8
Q

Meningeal fascia

  • other name
  • derive from
  • location/subtypes
A
  • neural
  • lower-mesoderm and upper- neural crest
  • duramater, leptomeninges (arachnoid & pia) epineu, rium: fascia that wraps around nerves
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9
Q

Visceral

  • derive from
  • location/subtypes
A
  • splanchnic

- surrounds all body cavities

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10
Q

What cell types are in fascia?

-name and function (5)

A
  • Myofibroblasts: Make collagen, Secrete ground substance, respond to mechanical stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, helps with contraction, presents antigens
  • Macrophages: phagocytic, APC, activate fibroblasts, promote differentiation of myofibrils by secreting cytokines and TGF-beta
  • Mast cells: pro-inflammatory (histamine), stimulates fibroblasts, causes worsening fibrosis
  • Collagen, lamin, fibronectin: provide structure
  • Elastin: allows for flexibility
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11
Q

Tissue repair for acute injury

A

injury occurs—transient TGF beta expressed—myofibroblasts develop—increased collagen synthesized—normal wound repair

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12
Q

Tissue repair with chronic injury

A

persistent injury occurs—sustained TGF beta expressed—myofibroblasts develop persistently—excess collagen synthesized—fibrosis—restriction of local structures

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13
Q

Collagen formation

A
  1. In ER: synthesis of pre and pro collagen; hydroxylation of lysine and proline, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation
  2. In golgi: package and secretion of collagen
  3. Enzymatic removal of most of non-helical domain of pro-collagen by procollagen peptidase forming tropocollagen
  4. tropocollagen line up head to tail and lysyl oxidase cross links them forming collagen fibril
  5. Side by side linking of collagen fibrils by FACIT collagen and proteoglycans forms collagen fibers
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14
Q

What is co-enzyme of lysyl hydroxylase?

A

Vitamin C- scurvey acid

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15
Q

What is secreted form of collagen type I?

A

Procollagen which is changed into tropocollagen by procollagen peptidase

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16
Q

What is FACIT collagen?

A

type of collagen that is also a proteoglycan and forms collagen fibers by linking collagen fibrils

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17
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

Lung and elastic arteries

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18
Q

Synthesis of elastin

A
  • Fibrillin secretes microfibrils
  • Microfibrils act as scaffolding upon which elastin is then deposited by fibrillin and accumulates around the microfibrils, making up the elastic fiber,
19
Q

Location of synthesis of elastin

A
  • Intracellular: Elastin is transcribed by DNA; prolyl is hydroxylated and then secreted
  • Extracellularly: Elastin is excised by tropoelastin protease, tropoelastin is formed by three elastins being bound together forming desmosine, tropoelastin then put on microfibrils; lysyl oxidase crosslinks elastin fibers to microfibrils creating elastic fiber
20
Q

Desmosine

A
  • formed when elastin cross links

- formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.

21
Q

Marfans syndrome

  • cause
  • effect
A
  • caused by dysfunction of firbillin

- usually need aortic valve replacement

22
Q

Role of proteoglycan in ECM

A
  • Binds water
  • Allows the diffucion of small molecules
  • Acts as lubricant
  • Barrier
23
Q

What is a somite?

-when is it formed

A
  • Segmented unit formed by mesoderm that eventually divides to make different cell tissues of body
  • Formed at Day 20 of pregnancy
24
Q

Divisions of a somite?

A

-sclerotome and dermamyotome

25
Q

Divisions of a dermamyotome

A
  • myotome
  • syndetome
  • sclerotome
26
Q

What produces tendons and ligaments

A

-syndetome

27
Q

Transcription factor for formation and maturation of tendons from syndetome

A

-scleraxis: induces COLIa1 and Tendomodulin

28
Q

Tenocyte

A
  • tendon cell, made from elongated fibroblasts

- cytoplasm is stretched between collagen fibers

29
Q

Fascicle

A
  • bundle of collagen fibers

- multiple fascicles produce a tendon fascicle

30
Q

Endotenon

A
  • wrap around fascicles

- consist of thin sheet of connective tissue made up of collagen and elastic fibers

31
Q

Epitenon

A

-wrap around multiple fascicles (tendon fascicle)

32
Q

Principal collagen in tendon and ligaments

A

-Type 1–consists of 2 alpha1 chains and 1 alpha2 chain

33
Q

Collagen that regulates structure of tendon/ligament

A

Type: V, XII, XIV

34
Q

What proteoglycans are present?

A

Decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, lumican

35
Q

What glycoproteins are present?

A

Tenomodulin– made by scleraxis

Tanacin– made by mechanical stress

36
Q

Difference in position of fibers in tendon vs ligament

A

-tendon collagen fibers must align with tension adjacent to muscle and ligament fibers are arranged in a range of directions because they must resist separation of bones in more than one direction

37
Q

Types of tendon injuries

A
  • acute ruptures

- chronic degenerative injury

38
Q

Four steps of tendon healing

  • main type of collagen used
  • time
A
  • Inflammation; includes neutrophils, macrophages, increased circulation; hours to days
  • Reparation (proliferation), type III; days to weeks
  • Remodeling (consolidation), Type III; weeks to months
  • Remodeling (maturation), Type I; months to years
39
Q

Are tendons and ligaments avascular?

A

-No, except with ACL and PCL which are located in joint and therefore have limited access to tissue since they are surrounded by synovial fluid

40
Q

Enthesis

  • function
  • made of
A
  • joins tendon/ligament to bone

- fibrous tissue or fibro cartilage

41
Q

Myotendinous junction

A

specialized region located at the muscle-tendon interface that represents the primary site of force transmission.

42
Q

Does fibrocartilage have blood supply?

A

yes, but fairly limited

43
Q

ACL vs MCL

A

-ACL is intracapsular (will heal slower because surrounded by synovial fluid with limited vascular supply), -MCL is extracapsular (will repair more quickly due to increase of blood vessels, inflammation)

Unit 2: LGS (5 decks)

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