Week 4 Flashcards
Definition of TBI
nondegenerative, noncongenital insult to the brain from an external force mechanical force, possibly leading to permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive, physical and psychosocial functions with an associated diminished or altered state of consciousness
what is the most common cause of death under the age of 35 in most developed countries
TBI
What is the most common cause of accidental death
TBI
TBI is most commonly the result of
road accidents
industrial and sporting accidents
attempted suicides
interpersonal violence
M vs F TBI
males outnumber females 2:1
What is the second leading type of ABI in australia
TBI, following stroke
Mild compared to moderate or severe TBIs
20% moderate or severe
80% mild
increasing number of elderly people sustaining TBI’s, why?
falls
Risk factors of TBI
young adults : 66% M>F Fall: 40% Transport (MVA: 33% Assault 25% substance abuse risk taking behaviour psychiatric disorder limited educational attainment unstable work history
sequelae =
complications
complications associated with TBI include
dependant on severity
physical and cognitive impairments - vary as a consequence of the lesion severity and location as well as the nature of brain damage and complications
can have devastating impact on lifestyle/future aspirations, creating general health and social problems causing disruption for family members and marital strain, affecting role relationships and fostering economic hardship
Individuals confront their disability for decades in a society which most commonly associates disability with the elderly or those with congenital intellectual disabilities
Common health issues in TBI include
seizures (early and late) Somatic complaints - headaches dizziness - pain - sleep disturbances
Post concussion syndrome Mental health issues - depression - anxiety - schizophrenia
What are ways to prevent TBIs
protective laws and recommendations have resulted in a reduced incidence (and reduced severity) of TBI
use of helmets by cyclists, motorcyclists
protective headache in sport
automobile seatbelts
automobile child restraints/rearfacing car seats
enforcement of drink driving laws
falls prevention strategies for those at risk of falls
MOI for TBI
neuropathological evidence suggests that there are several mechanisms of brain injury, some operating at the moment of impact and others as a consequence of secondary complications
Types of MOIs
direct - blunt/penetrating
indirect
Direct MOI is
direct blow to the head
indirect MOI is
impact from other parts of the body
Blunt direct MOI is
acceleration-deceleration injury commonly resulting in multiple body injuries and widespread brain damage; may cause scalp injuries, skull deformation +/- fractures and depressed fractures +/- perforated dura mater and brain
penetrating direct MOI
open head injury in which the dura mater is breached; may be caused by external objects or bone fragments from a skull fracture