Week 4 Flashcards
What are suffixes subdivided into?
Inflectional and derivational suffixes
What is the result of adding an inflectional suffix to a word?
A different form of the same word (e.g., obscure → obscuring).
What is the result of adding a derivational suffix to a word?
A new word is created (e.g., bold → boldly).
Name three derivational suffixes.
-ly, -ness, -ity (also: -ee, -al, -ian, -ic, -ish, -y, etc.)
Do inflectional suffixes affect word stress in English?
No, they do not affect word stress.
What are stress-neutral suffixes?
Suffixes that do not change the stress pattern of the base word.
-ly (e.g., quick → quickly)
What stress pattern do bisyllabic words with stress-neutral suffixes usually follow?
Trochaic: stress on the penultimate syllable.
What happens to a syllabic consonant when -ly is added?
It may lose a syllable (e.g., idle → idly).
Name native Germanic stress-neutral suffixes
A: -er, -est, -ish, -ful, -less, -y
Do suffixes like -hood, -ism, -ist, -ness, -ship affect stress?
No, they are stress-neutral.
What are stress-shifting suffixes?
Suffixes that change the stress pattern of the base word.
Give examples of suffixes that take primary stress.
-ee, -eer, -ese (e.g., employee, mountaineer, Japanese)
What is the Rhythmic Principle?
It prevents sequences of unstressed syllables at the start of words; introduces secondary stress.
What happens when there is a conflict between Derivational and Stress Clash Avoidance Principles?
The Stress Clash Avoidance Principle wins.
Give examples of stress-shifting suffixes that don’t carry the primary stress themselves.
-ity, -ic, -ous, -ious (e.g., personality, atomic, advantageous)
What can stress-shifting suffixes affect besides stress?
Vowel and consonant changes in the base word.
Which suffix type usually causes transparent relationships between base and derived forms?
Stress-neutral suffixes like -ness (e.g., bold → boldness).
Why is the relationship between “opaque” and “opacity” less transparent?
Due to stress, vowel, and consonant changes.
What are separable monosyllabic prefixes?
Separable monosyllabic prefixes can be removed from a word, leaving a base that exists independently (e.g., re- in re-run).
Examples of separable monosyllabic prefixes:
co-: co-‘editor
de-: de-‘louse
dis-: dis-‘appear
ex-: ex-‘boss
in-/il-/im-/ir-: in’correct, ille’gal, im’proper, irre’gular
mal-: mala’djusted
mis-: mis-a’ddressed
pre-: pre-e’xist
pro-: pro-‘choice
re-: re-a’ppear
sub-: sub-a’tomic
trans-: trans-‘sexual
un-: una’ttractive
Which prefixes may carry secondary stress?
Monosyllabic prefixes like re-, pre-, co-, etc., often carry secondary stress in compound-like structures.
What about bisyllabic prefixes?
Bisyllabic prefixes can form a trochaic foot and usually bear secondary stress on the penultimate syllable:
Examples:
,anti-‘abortion
,anti’catholic
,extra-‘marital
,super-‘human
Exception: When do bisyllabic prefixes carry primary stress?
When treated as compounds or independent words:
‘antihero
‘megabyte
‘megaphone
‘superman
What is the noun vs. verb stress pattern in Latinate words?
Verbs: stress on final syllable → ex’port, re’search
Nouns: stress on prefix → ‘export, ‘research
