week 4 Flashcards
numbers that summarize information related to health.
Health Statistics
usedto understand risk factors for communities, track and monitor diseases, see the impact of policy changes, and assess the quality and safety of health care. This is a form of evidence, or facts that can support a conclusion.
Health Statistic
is thestudyof thedistributionanddeterminantsofhealth-related states or eventsinspecified populations, and theapplicationof this study to the control of health problems.
Epidemiology
series is the Department of Health’s (DOH) annual publication that compiles statistics on vital health events. It provides comprehensive summary of the country’s current statistics on Natality, Morbidity and Mortality.
Philippine Health Statistics (PHS)
arenationally-representative household surveys that provide data for a wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators in the areas of population, health, and nutrition.
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
The basis of the registration of vital events regarding births and deaths is
Republic Act No. 3753 otherwise known as the Civil Registry Law.
isthe description of a population according to characteristics such as age and sex.
Population composition
is the description of the characteristics of a group of people in terms of factors such as their:
-age,
sex,
marital status,
education,
occupation, and
relationship to the head of household.
Population composition
The way in which people are spread across a given areais known as
population distribution
A measurable characteristic thatdescribes: – the health of a population (e.g., life expectancy, mortality, disease incidence or prevalence.
Health indicators
arequantifiablecharacteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing thehealth of a population.
Health indicators
isthe annual number of live births per 1,000 population.
crude birth rate
It indicatesthe number of deaths per 1,000 midyear population. In long definition it indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear.
Crude death rate
isthe number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.
Infant Mortality Rate
refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth.
Maternal mortality
is defined asthe number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. (WHO)
maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
isa mortality rate limited to a particular age group. The numerator is the number of deaths in that age group; the denominator is the number of persons in that age group in the population.
age-specific mortality rate
Refers to having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population.
Leading cause of morbidity
refers to medical problems caused by a treatment
Morbidity
The most frequently occurring causes of mortality (usually 10) under which the greatest number of deaths have been reported during a given year.
Leading cause of mortality
refers tothe number of years a person can expect to live.
Life expectancy
is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.
Life expectancy
What is the main health problem in the Philippines?
Breast canceris the leading cause of death among Filipino women, and the Philippines has the highest number of breast cancer incidents among 197 countries in the world.
What are the issues and challenges of the healthcare industry in the Philippines?
In the Philippines, the healthcare industry faces many issues such as:
changing medical needs,
rising costs, and
lack of infrastructureand it is sacrificing the quality of services being offered to patients.
How can the Philippine healthcare system be improved?
1.Improve hospitals and health facilities.
2.Employ more health workers (doctors, nurses, and midwives).
3.Increase PhilHealth enrollment and improve PhilHealth benefits.
4.Reduce maternal and infant deaths.
5.Reduce non-communicable diseases.
6.Reduce and prevent cancer cases.
7.Lower the cost of medicines.
8.Control dengue outbreaks.
9.Reduce diarrhea outbreaks (gastroenteritis, typhoid and cholera)
10.Control the growing HIV-AIDS epidemic.
Epidemiology and the nurse
As a nurse epidemiologist, you are tasked withensuring that patients receive optimal care while reducing the risk of infection.
Additionally, you will focus on prevention methods, infection management and direct patient nursing.
Community health nurses use epidemiological conceptsto?
improve the health of population groups by identifying risk factors and optimal approaches that reduce disease risk and promote health.
refers tothe progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment.
Natural history of disease
describes the course of the disease in an individual starting from the moment of exposure to the casual agents till one of the possible outcomes occurs.
natural history of a disease
What is the importance of the natural history of a disease?
Understanding the natural history of a disease isan important prerequisite for designing studies that assess the impact of interventions, both chemotherapeutic and environmental, on the initiation and expression of the condition.
What is the importance of the natural history of a disease?
Understanding the natural history of a disease isan important prerequisite for designing studies that assess the impact of interventions, both chemotherapeutic and environmental, on the initiation and expression of the condition.
Natural history phenomena
Induction: time to disease initiation
Incubation: time to symptoms (infectious disease)
Latency: time to detection (NCDs) or to infectiousness in CD
The natural history of disease can be divided into two stages
- Pre-pathogenesis
- Pathogenesis phase
The pathogenesis phase is divided into:
Stage of subclinical disease
Stage of clinical disease
Stage of disability
the ability of an infectious agent to cause infection, measured as the proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected
infectivity
isthe quality or state of being pathogenic, the potential ability to produce disease, whereas virulence is the disease producing power of an organism, the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species
pathogenicity
is described asan ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease. Virulence factors are the molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level.
Virulence
Importance of studying natural history of disease
Natural history is as important as casual understanding for the prevention and control of disease.
The earlier you can become aware of the disease the more likely you will be able to intervene and save lives.
Decides appropriate intervention at appropriate stage of disease.
is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread.
epidemiologic triangle
is the microorganism that actually causes the disease in question. It could be some form of bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite.
agent
agent infects the ______, which is the organism that carries the disease.
host
Outside factors can affect an epidemiologic outbreak as well; collectively these are referred to as the ___________
environment
is aviral infection that targets a person’s immune system, making it more vulnerable to other forms of infection.
HIV
to identify a problem, collect data, formulate and test hypotheses. It involves the collection and analysis of more facts or data to determine the cause of illness and to implement control measures to prevent additional illness.
epidemiologic investigation
Steps in an epidemiologic investigation:
- Confirm the existence of an epidemic or an outbreak
- Confirm the diagnosis
- Determine the number of cases
