Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dairy production > week 4 - 01/10/2024 > Flashcards

week 4 - 01/10/2024 Flashcards

1
Q

Multispecies swards for ruminant production

A
  • need to reduce N losses from farm
  • most efficient method = reducing N inputs
  • nitrogen fertiliser and concentrates feed
  • con we reduce the level of N applied to swards, while maintaining biomass and milk production?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the main source of nutrient losses in ireland - Nitrogen

A

pasture
followed by wastewater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in 2018, what was the total tonnes of Nitrogen loss from catchments without N issues

A

20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in 2018, what was the total tonnes of Nitrogen loss from catchments with N issues

A

45,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does multispecies outperform?

A

Multispecies outperformed PRG only treatments at both low (90kg N/ha) and high (250kg N/ha) rates of N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the effect of swards type annual herbage DM production:
PRG
PRG & WC
6 Species mix
9 species mix

A

PRG- 10,000 kg DM per ha
PRG & WC - 9,000 kg DM per ha
6 Species mix - 10,500 kg DM per ha
9 species mix - 10,000 kg DM per ha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

was more or less nitrate leached from the herbal ley compared to the binary control

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

key benefits of (leys)

A
  • Reduced fertiliser requirement: Legumes – essential component for N fixation
  • Nutrient use efficiency – microbial protein: Animal performance = milk production, ADG
  • Soil health and biodiversity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are multispecies forages

A

forages that contain 2 or more plant species from at least two functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 primary functional groups of multispecies forages

A
  1. Grasses
  2. Legumes
  3. Herbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functional groups - Grass (6)

A
  • Nutritious and palatable
  • Shallow, fibrous roots and vigorous growth – easy manage
  • Ability to persist under adverse conditions and sub-optimal soils
  • High energy – 10 – 11 ME
  • Sensitive to drought/moisture deficits
  • N dependent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the 4 functional groups of grass and there uses

A
  1. perennial ryegrass - grazing and silage
  2. timothy grass - grazing and silage
  3. italian ryegrass - silage - 2 year ley
  4. westerworld ryegrass - silage - annual ley
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the characteristics of perennial ryegrass

A
  • very persistent - 5 years +
  • flexible and tolerant of grazing
  • palatable: high intake
  • sensitive to climate - drought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

characteristics of timothy grass

A
  • very persistent
  • drought and frost tolerant
  • better on heavy ground
  • 1st year slow to establish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the characteristics of italian ryegrass

A
  • High production – up to 18T
  • Highly digestible, reduced after 1st cut
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the characteristics of westerworld ryegrass

A
  • High production – up to 18T
  • Highly digestible – 68 – 75 DMD.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functional groups: legumes

A
  • Fix high amounts of N – 100 – 200+ kg N/ha annually
  • Highly degradable and nutrient rich
    milk solids and ADG
  • Energy rich : Red clover 10 ME, White clover 11 ME
  • Can be slow to establish – sensitive to low temps, high moisture
  • Needs to be sown with perennial forages: Spring growth, Reduce risk of bloat, Persistency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is functional group important

A

vital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why are legumes important

A

support forage growth and biodiversity
- earthworms and bees love WC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

name common legumes

A
  • white clover
  • red clover
  • vetch (annual)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

characteristics of Italian ryegrass and red clover

A
  • Good persistence – 3 years+
  • Rapid growth
  • Drought resistant, can oversow into grazing swards
    -Avoid tight grazing, crown 6cm above ground
  • Cut silage higher.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

characteristics of perennial ryegrass and white clover

A
  • Helps ground cover with upright PRG. - Medium leaf best for grazing. Persistent – 4 years+.
  • Also suited to timothy but not on heavy soils.
  • Under sow with trefoil in crops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

characteristics of Westerwold ryegrass and vetch

A
  • Very vigorous growth
  • Soil improver
  • Annual green crop/ cover crop
  • Frost tolerant
  • Can sow late into Autumn and harvest in Spring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functional groups - Herbs

A
  • Chicory, Plantain, Yarrow, Sheep’s parsley, Salad Burnet etc
  • Mineral rich, tend to have deep rooting systems
  • Highly degradable plants – high energy, low structural fibre, low DM
  • High protein plants – 18% - 20%
  • Can be sown in grazing ley mixtures or finishing mixes for dry stock
    –> Chicory, plantain and white clover for finishing lambs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Characteristics of chicory

A
  • Mineral rich, long taproot.
  • Soil improver.
  • Persistent when well managed – 3 years+
  • Frost and drought tolerant.
  • Weeds common when sown but removed once grazed/cut.
  • Avoid over-grazing – 5/6 cm+.
  • Graze at 7 leaf stage. 10 – 11 ME.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

characteristics of plantain

A
  • Mineral rich, long taproot. Soil improver.
  • Similar persistency to well managed ryegrass.
  • Avoid trampling.
  • Frost and drought tolerant.
  • Deep roots good for light soils.
  • Graze at 6 leaf stage. 11 – 12 ME.
27
Q

what do herb species =
- what must you do because of this

A

small seed size!
- adjust seeder and management accordingly

28
Q

because small seed have less starch what do they need

A

more time to establish roots

29
Q

which herb was the most consistent to supply nutrients

A
  • chicory
30
Q

what is the key energy source for ruminants

A

fibre

31
Q

what does bacteria in the rumen digest

A

carbs to VFA’s
- Acetate - increases in forage diets
- Propionate - increased in starch diets
- butyrate - formed from actetate

32
Q

what is the challenge with fibre fermentation

A

provide forage which balances rapidly and slowly degradable carbs to maintain rumen function and production

33
Q

what are the two forms of protein

A
  1. rumen degradable protein (RDP)
  2. rumen undegradable protein (RUP)
34
Q

how is RDP degraded

A

degraded largely to ammonia

35
Q

what does microbial protein equal to

A

energy + ammonia = microbial protein

36
Q

what is another name for microbial protein

A

true protein

37
Q

what can other measures indicate digestibility

A
  • NDF and ADF – fibre density measures
  • DMD = 88.9 – [0.779 × %ADF (on a dry matter basis)]
38
Q

what is straw made up of

A

Straw
85% NDF,
55% ADF
6 – 6.5 ME

39
Q

what is maize meal made up of

A

Maize meal
10% NDF,
3% ADF
13.5 ME

40
Q

what is soya hulls made up of

A

soya hulls
60% NDF,
50% ADF
11.5 ME

41
Q

what is nutrient availability influenced by

A

degradability

42
Q

why is it difficult to manipulate nutrient supply in forage based diets

A

it is dependent on the plant composition of the forage

43
Q

what can help improve nutrient supply and animal performance

A

including alternative species

44
Q

what is the effect of sward type on lamb weaning weights

A
  • Compared to a perennial ryegrass sward, lambs suckling ewes which grazed the 6 species sward had a 2.4kg higher liveweight at weaning
45
Q

what is the effect of sward type on number of days required to reach target slaughter weight for a lamb

A

Compared to a perennial ryegrass sward, lambs fed any mixed sward reached slaughter 2 weeks earlier

46
Q

what is the effect of sward type on dairy calf to beef

A

Compared to a perennial ryegrass sward, steers fed any mixed sward turned out and were housed > 40 kg heavier (P < 0.05)

47
Q

slide 38 - The effect of treatment on dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production in lactating dairy cows.

A
48
Q

The percentage of saturated FA
in the milk of cows offered PRG, PRGWC or MULTI

A

Saturated fat:
PRG - 66.55%
PRGWC - 69.11%
MULTI - 67.14

49
Q

The percentage of monounsaturated FA in the milk of cows offered PRG, PRGWC or MULTI

A

Monounsaturated fat:
PRG - 25.67 %
PRGWC - 22.85%
MULTI - 24.64%

50
Q

The percentage of polyunsaturated FA in the milk of cows offered PRG, PRGWC or MULTI

A

polyunsaturated fat:
PRG - 2.89 %
PRGWC - 3.74 %
MULTI - 4.21 %

51
Q

examples of rapidly digestible fibre

A
  • perennial ryegrass: high sugar (WSC)
  • herb species - high pectin
52
Q

what does improved nutrient use efficiency lead to (2)

A
  1. Reduces ammonia loss as urea in urine – up to 50%
  2. Increased milk production and ADG
53
Q

what is the challenge with nutrient use efficiency

A

rapidly degradable nature of herb and clover species can impact milk fat production

54
Q

In sacco effective degradability of DM of PRG, PRGWC and MULTI

and which is it highest in

A

PRG- 67.43%
PRGWC - 66.37%
MULTI - 76.52%

DM is highest in multi

55
Q

In sacco effective degradability of crude protein of PRG, PRGWC and MULTI

and which is it highest in

A

PRG- 81.40%
PRGWC - 78.99%
MULTI - 79.61%

CP is highest in PRG

56
Q

what sort of a correlation is there between forage DM % and FrWI

A

A positive correlation existed with forage DM % and FrWI

57
Q

when is the best time for weed management

A

year previous if possible
- mid april to late july

58
Q

list of weeds

A

Common/greater chickweed
Shepherds purse
Lambsquarters
Field pennycress
Common fumitory
Lady’s thumb
Wall rue
Dead nettle
Lad’s Bedstraw

59
Q

grazing management

A

Approx. 8 weeks post sowing
- Chicory 7 fully grown leaves
- Plantain 6 fully grown leaves

60
Q

what did multispecies forage consistently increase in dairy cows in mid and late lactation

A

the DMI and milk yield of dairy cows in mid and late lactation

61
Q

what benefits was there in including clover and herbs species in grazing forages for late lactation cows

A

altered the milk fatty acid profile in milk from late lactation cows

62
Q

what does multispecies reduces in dairy cows

A

the urinary nitrogen concentration of dairy cows and helps reduce N loss via leaching

63
Q

benefits of multispecies swards (8)

A

High nutritive value
Increased animal performance
High summer growth rates
Increased drought tolerance
Reduced chemical N
Various levels of root depths
Increased biodiversity
Reduced anthelmintic usage (sheep)

64
Q

disadvantages of multispecies swards

A

Poor autumn/early spring growth
Weed control
Increased rotation length
Persistency
Milk fat concentration
PRGWC swards – bloat risk

Dairy production (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions