Week 3: Skull Flashcards
What’re the 3 general functions of the skull?
- containment - brain, special senses (eyes, ears, olfaction 2. openings - nasal/ oral cavities 3. vocalisation - via paranasal sinuses
How does the structure of the nasal cavity relate to its function?
The shelves of bone on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are curled and complex. This increases the SA and turbulence. Along with this they are lined with a mucous membrane, and perfused by blood vessels close to the surface of the cavity. The result of this is the humidification and filtering of air as it passes through.
What comprises the ‘masticatory apparatus’?
-teeth -moving jaw -muscles attached
The oral cavity will ____ in size during swallowing.
reduce
Detail the structure of the paranasal sinuses.
Sinuses are air filled cavities lined with mucous membranes. There are 4 paranasal sinuses, found in the ethmoid, maxillary, frontal and sphenoid bones (named accordingly). All the paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity, which is lined with a similar mucous membrane.
Detail the function of the paranasal sinuses. (3)
- Projection of voice 2. Crash barrier for brain (absorb impact, less chance of brain damage) 3. Lightens the skull
what are the moving parts of the skull? what types of joints are these?
- mandible - at temperomandibular joint (TMJ) 2. ossicles - in middle ear The TMJ and ossicles are synovial joints.
What sort of joint are sutures? What sort of fibres link the articulating bones of the suture?
Sutures are fibrous joints, in which the bones are linked by collagen fibres.
What are the 5 ‘useful landmarks for ID of sutures’?
- Pterion - H shaped, thin and vulnerable, 4 bone intersection near temple 2. Nasion - T shaped, between eyes 3. Lambda - greek letter λ, where sagittal suture meets parieto-occipital suture 4. Bregma - T shaped, where coronal suture meets sagittal 5. Vertex - highest point
What’re the 3 ways in which sutures can be named?
- plane - coronal or sagittal 2. specific bones - ie. the parieto-occipital suture (AKA lamboid suture) 3. other features - ie. sutural (wormian) bones, bones which are found within the sutures themselves
Define fontanelle.
a soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth
t/f: some sutures/ fontanelles dissapear during development (life) of human.
true
some sutures/ fontanelles dissapear during development (life) of human - example?
- frontal suture 2. mental suture
simplest way to divide up what makes the skull? (simplified version)
skull = cranium + mandible
complex way to divide up the skull? (not simplified)
skull = cranium (braincase, 8 bones) + facial (14 bones) + ossicles (6 bones)
What comprises the neurocranium?
-bony case for the brain (hint: ‘neuro’) -8 bones -made of… 1.) calvaria (skull cap) - flat bones, frontal bone, parietal bone and occipital bone 2.) cranial base (floor, basicranium) - irregular bones with flat portions
What comprises the viscerocranium?
-facial skeleton -14 bones -surround mouth, nose, and orbit (eyes)
Define neonate.
a newborn baby
How does the skull proportion of a neonate compare to that of an adult? How about an ape? (note: skull proportion as in viscerocranium : neurocranium).
neonate 1:10 adult 1:3 ape 1:1
A neonate has a much greater sized neurocranium relative to its viscerocranium. What 3 developments occur to bring this ratio to a more even level throughout the life of a human?
Essentially this is due to the facial skeleton growing more then the calvaria (skull cap) post birth. Specifically… 1. teeth (including teeth support) 2. paranasal sinuses 3. some points still cartilagenous (will ossify w/ age, ie. external auditory canal) (???)
The cranium can be divided into neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium can be divided into ______ and _____.
calvaria (skull cap) and cranial base (floor)
What types of bones make up the skull cap? Specifically, what bones does the skull cap include?
flat bones parietal, occipital and frontal bones
What types of bones make up the cranial base?
irregular bones (which have flat portions)
What is the ‘frame of reference’ for divisions of the skull?
the Orbito-meatal plane (AKA Frankfort plane)
What are the boundaries of the Orbito-meatal plane?
-superior margin of external auditory meatus -inferior margin of bony orbit (eye)
Where is the infratemporal fossa located?
-below temporal bone -hidden by mandible -medial to ramus of mandible and zygomatic arch
In regards to the internal aspect of the cranial base, what’re the 3 cranial fossae called?
anterior middle posterior
What are the dural sinuses? What aspect of the skull are grooved by the dural sinuses?
The dural sinuses are blood vessels which drain the brain. The cranial fossae (ant/middle/post.) are grooved by these blood vessels.
Which bones comprise the anterior cranial fossa?
-mostly frontal bone -part of sphenoid bone
Which bones comprise the middle cranial fossa?
-temporal bone -sphenoid bone
Which bones comprise the posterior cranial fossa?
-occipital bone -part of temporal bone
What is the widest part of the skull? How is this of clinical significance?
the biparietal diameter; significant in chiildbirth as this is the widest part of a newbown which must squeeze out of the dilated vagina.
What is the parietal eminence?
the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones; determines the widest part of the cranium (contributes to the biparietal diameter)
Where are the superior and inferior temporal lines? What is the function of these?
Found on parietal and frontal bones, function to provide attachment for the temporalis muscle.
How does the frontal bone contribute to the cranial base? What bone ‘pierces’ this?
The frontal bone contributes the anterior cranial fossa (floor). The ethmoid bone is found in the middle of the this space (thus it the anterior cranial fossa is ‘pierced’ by the ethmoid bone).
The frontal bone makes up the roof of the bony orbit, what is the correct anatomical term for this area?
the Superior Rim (SR) of orbit.
Where is the supraorbital notch? What does it provide a passageway for?
The supraorbital notch is on the forehead above the eye, it provides a passageway for the supraorbital nerve.
t/f: the structure of the frontal sinus is unique from individual to individual.
true, although same general structure there is variation across individuals
How are processes (projections) of bones usually named? Provide an example of this?
A process is usually named according to which bone that process connects to. For example, the zygomatic process of the frontal bone connects to the to the zygomatic bone.
What are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?
- squamous part - tile-like. 2. mastoid process - rough (insertion of sternocleidomastoid), possesses mastoid air cells. 3. petrous part - rock-like, houses middle and inner ears
What is found posterior to the mastoid process?
the mastoid notch
What are mastoid air cells?
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What’re the 4 external features of the temporal bone?
‘TEMZ’ T - tympanic plate E - external auditory meatus M - mastoid process & notch Z - zygomatic process
What is the external auditory meatus also known as?
the acoustic meatus
What’re the 4 internal features of the temporal bone?
‘PITA’ P - petrous part I - internal auditory meatus T - tegmen tympani A - arcuate eminence
Where is the tegmen tympani?
Lateral to the arcuate eminence, the tegmen tympani makes up the roof of the middle ear.
What does the internal auditory meatus (IAM) provide a pathway for?
IAM provides a pathway for nerve(s) back to the brain.
What is the function of the petrous part of the temporal bone?
to house the middle and inner ears
Describe the structure of the arcuate eminence.
A series of raised semi-circular canals found within the inner ear, medial to the tegmen tympani.
What is the large foramen located on the temporal bone called? What is this a passageway for?
the jugular foramen is located at the junction between temporal and occipital bones. It provides a passageway for the jugular vein.
What is the small foramen located on the temporal bone called? What is this a passageway for?
The foramen lacerum is a very small foramen formed by the junction between temporal, sphenoid and occipital bones. Nothing passes through this foramen; a membrane overlays it.
What is the difference between foramina and foramen?
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The petrous part of the temporal bone joins medially to which 2 bones?
the sphenoid and occipital bones
Where is the styloid process located?
In between the mandibular fossa and carotid canal.
Where is carotid canal located?
next to the jugular foramen
The mandibular fossa is found on the (medial/ lateral) aspect of which bone?
lateral aspect of temporal bone.
What is the mandibular fossa an articulation point for?
the head of the mandible
What is within the carotid canal?
the carotid artery
What is the function of the styloid process?
Attachment point for muscles of the neck.
What’re the 4 ‘parts’ of the occipital bone?
-2 lateral parts -1 squamous part -1 basal part
What structure does the occipital bone develop around?
the foramen magnum
What features are found on the squamous part of the occipital bone? (6)
-superior + inferior nuchal lines -external occipital protuberance -external occipital crest -dural sinuses -internal occipital protuberance -internal occipital crest
What is found on the lateral parts of the occipital bone?
-occipital condyles -these condyles articulate with superior articulating facets of C1 (atlas)
the basal part of the occipital bone is also known as what?
basiocciput
What bone does the basiocciput join with anteriorly?
sphenoid bone
How is the basiocciput associated with the pharynx?
The basiocciput suspends the pharynx. It also has a midline pharyngeal tubercle for the attachment of pharyngeal raphe.
There are 2 gaps either side of the basal part of the occipital bone, where it forms a junction with the temporal bone. What are these two gaps known as?
The jugular foramen and foramen lacerum
What parts of the face does the zygomatic bone contribute to?
-bony orbit -cheek
Where is the temporal process located, and what does it contribute towards?
The temporal process is found on the zygomatic bone, it contributes toward the zygomatic arch; which connects to the temporal bone. The temporal process of the zygomatic bone meets up with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and together they form what is known as the zygomatic arch.
The zygomatic bone has a _____ process where it attaches to the frontal bone
frontal process
What parts of the skull does the maxilla contribute to?
- bony orbit 2. nose 3. upper dental arcade 4. bony palate
Which bone(s) posses alveolar process, and what is there function?
Alveolar processes are found on the maxilla and mandible, and they function to house the teeth.
Where is the infraorbital foramen found, and what structure passes through it?
On the maxilla, the infraorbital nerve passes through this foramen.
What processes are found on the maxilla?
- Frontal process - forms junction with frontal bone
- Zygomatic process - forms junction with zygomatic bone
How does the maxilla bone contribute to the bony palate?
Via the palatine plate of the maxilla
What bones make up the bony palate of the mouth?
- Palatine plate of maxilla
- Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Where is the palatine bone located?
At the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity.
The palatine bone contributes to the wall(s) of 3 cavities within the skull. How does it make such contribution?
- Roof of the oral cavity
- Floor of the orbital cavity
- Floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
Describe the shape of the palatine bone.
The palatine bone is ‘L’ shaped, and is a paired structure. The left and right sides connect to form what looks like an ‘L’ next to a backwards ‘L’.
Detail all the plate(s) and process(es) which the palatine bone possesses.
- horizontal plate
- perpendicular plate
- pyramidal process
- sphenoidal process
- orbital process
The sphenoid bone contains a greater and lesser wing. Describe the position of the greater wing; does it contain any foramina?
The greater wing can be seen more laterally (compared to the lesser wing). It can be seen within the bony orbit, and contains foramina.
Is the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone able to be seen in the bony orbit?
Yes.
The body of the sphenoid bone fuses with the ______. This strucutre houses the _____ ____, and contains the sphenoidal _____ (which can be seen in midsaggital plane).
Basiocciput; pituitary gland; sphenoidal sinus
What are the 2 processes seen on the internal sphenoid bone body?
- Anterior clinoid process
- Posterior clinoid process
Where is the pituitary fossa located?
The pituitary fossa is a small depression found between the anterior and posterior clinoid processes.
List the 3 foramina found in the sphenoid bone, including their general shape or location.
- Rotundum - round
- Ovale - oval shaped
- Spinosum - near spine
Where is the optic canal found?
Within the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
The greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone form slots between them. What are these known as? Describe their relative postions.
Superior orbital fissure - superior, between greater and lesser wing, adjacent optic canal.
Inferior orbital fissure - inferior to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
What features of the sphenoidal bone are found on its external aspect?
- Lateral pterygoid plate
- Medial pterygoid plate
- Pterygoid hamulus (hook)
- Pterygoid fossa
Specifically, where is the Pterygoid hamulus located?
The Pterygoid hamulus (hook) is found on the external aspect of the sphenoid bone. Specifically, it is on the inferior portion of the medial pterygoid plate.
What is the term ‘pituitary’ AKA?
- hypophysis
- hypophyseal
On which bone is the ‘sella turcica’ found?
What are the constituents of the ‘sella turcica’ (or ‘turkish saddle’)?
The sella turcica is found on the internal sphenoid bone body. It is comprised of…
- anterior clinoid process
- posterior clinoid process
- pituitary fossa
How does the ethmoid bone contribute toward the nasal cavity?
The ethmoid bone contributes to the nasal cavity, providing the…
- roof (cribriform plate + crista galli)
- bony nasal septum (perpendicular plate)
- lateral wall superior & middle conchae
How does the ethmoid bone contribute to the bony orbit?
The ethmoid bone provides the medial wall of the bony orbit.
Describe how the structure of the cribiform plate relates to its function.
The cribriform plate is ‘sieve-like’, meaning it has small holes within it. This aids its functionality as roof of the nasal cavity as olfactory nerves pass through these holes.
Asaid from contributing to the roof of the nasal cavity, what is another function of the crista galli?
The crista galli provides an attachment point for membranes of the brain.
a. ) What part of the ethmoid bone contributes toward the bony nasal septum?
b. ) The septum is then completed by another bone, named what?
a. ) The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
b. ) the vomer
The ethmoid bone contributes to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, these regions are known as what?
conchae/ turbinates.
(note: the ethmoid contributes the superior and middle conchae, however the inferior nasal conchae is its own seperate bone).
The vomer bone makes up part of which feature of the nasal cavity? Is this bone seen anteriorly or posteriorly?
the vomer bone is part of the bony nasal septum and can be seen posteriorly
the vomer bone is located (laterally/ midline).
in midline.
this is intuitive as it is not a paired bone, it is one singular structure found in the middle.
The vomer bone attaches to which 4 structures?
- sphenoid (superiorly)
- ethmoid (perpendicular plate)
- upper anterior and septal cartilage
- maxilla (inferiorly)
How many different conchae are there?
What forms each?
3 conchae total.
superior nasal conchae - ethmoid
middle nasal conchae - ethmoid
inferior nasal conchae - its own bone (NOT part of ethmoid).
Where are ethmoidal air cells found? What do these make up?
Ethmoidal air cells are essentially small bubble-like structures of bone, found within the walls of the nasal conchae. These make up one of the 4 paranasal sinuses, the ethmoidal sinus.
Define meatus.
The space in between the conchae, thus there is a superior middle and inferior meatus.
What are the constituents of the bony nasal septum?
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, combined with the vomer bone make up the bony nasal septum.
What is found anterior to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone? (hint: the end of your nose)
septal cartilage (not bone - end of nose is bendy)
The lacrimal bone contributes to which wall of the bony orbit?
the medial wall.
The lacrimal bone extends as the ____ ___, which drains into the ____ ____.
nasolacrimal duct; nasal cavity.
The lacrimal bone contributes to which wall of the nasal cavity?
The anterolateral wall of nasal cavity.
Does the lacrimal bone classify as a neurocranial or viscerocranial bone?
viscerocranial (facial) bone.
t/f: the lacrimal bone in no way joins to cartilage.
false, lacrimal bone joins to cartilage.
How many ‘nasal bones’ exist in the human skull?
2 (note: this is not a general term, the nasal bones are specific small bones)
To which parts of the skull are the nasal bones connected?
- frontal bone
- frontal process of maxilla
- anteriorly connected to nasal cartilages (technically this is not part of the skull however)
Anteriorly, the nasal bones are attached to nasal cartilages. What else attaches to nasal cartilages?
- maxilla
- vomer
- ethmoid
‘Lateral cartilages’ are directly connected to which bone(s)? How many lateral cartilages exist?
nasal bone
2.
How many alar cartilages exist? Where are these found, relative to the lateral cartilages?
2 alar cartilages exist, they are found inferior to the lateral cartilages
What does ‘crus’ mean?
leg.
The end of the nose is made up of the alar nasal cartilages. This can be further divided into a medial and lateral crus (or leg). Explain in simple terms what each leg makes up?
medial is the bit in between nostrils and lateral is flarey nostril bits.
Which joint does the mandible contribute toward?
Temperomandibular joint (TMJ).
Is the mandible smooth or rough - why?
The mandible is rough for muscle attachment.
List the parts of the mandible.
- ramus
- body
- angle (joining between ramus and body)
- condylar processes (which have own head + neck)
- coronoid process (anterior to condylar process)
- mental foramen
- mental protuberance
In which direction does the mandible bone ossify?
From lateral to medial (meaning mental protuberancce is the last part to ossify).
What is the point of union between both halves of the mandible known as?
the symphysis menti
On which aspect (internal/ external) of the mandible is the mandibular foramen on? What passes through here?
Internal; nerve
On which aspect (internal/ external) of the mandible is the lingula on? What is this region an attachment point for?
Internal; attachment for sphenomandibular ligament.
The genial tubercles are AKA?
mental spine
The mylohyoid line, digastric fossa and genial tubercles are all found on the (internal/ external) aspect of the mandible, and all function as points of attachment for what?
internal; muscles.
The symphysis menti is AKA?
mental symphysis
The teeth consist of specialised CT pulp surrounded by 3 layers of what?
calcified tissue; the dentine, enamel and cementum.
From innnermost to outermost, what covers the CT pulp of teeth? (note: these are the 3 calcified layers)
- Cementum - covers root (therefor really is within the pulp), from mesoderm
- Dentine - bulk, 70% inorganic, from mesoderm
- Enamel - 97% inorganic, from ectoderm
What structure is responsible for holding teeth in place?
Periodontal ligament.
Teeth may be ____ or ______.
decidous (primary) or permanent
What is the dental formula for permanent teeth?
2123 (in one quadrant), meaning…
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
At how many years of age does an individual develop medial incisors (permanent teeth)?
7-8
At how many years of age does an individual develop lateral incisors (permanent teeth)?
8-9
At how many years of age does an individual develop canines (permanent teeth)?
11-12
At what age does an individual develop premolars (permanent teeth)?
9-12 years.
At what age does an individual develop molars (permanent teeth)?
6-21 years
What is the dental formula for deciduos (primary) teeth?
212 (no premolars)
At what age does an individual develop medial incisors (deciduous teeth)?
8-12 months
At what age does an individual develop lateral incisors (deciduous teeth)?
12-24 months
At what age does an individual develop canines (deciduous teeth)?
16-24 months
At what age does an individual develop molars (deciduous teeth)?
24-32 months
What is the dentition referencing code for…
- Molars
- Incsisors
- Premolars
- Canines
Molars - M
Incsisors - I
Premolars - P
Canines - C
How are permanent and decidous teeth differentiated in dentition refrencing?
Upper case - permanent teeth
Lower case - decidous teeth
How are upper and lower teeth differentiated in dentition refrencing?
Superscript - upper teeth
Subscript - lower teeth
Numbering of teeth in dentition refrencing occurs in what direction?
From medial to lateral, that is, the lower the number the more medial the tooth.
1 (joint)
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- (landmark)
Pterion
2 (landmark)
Nasion
3 (Landmark)
Lambda
4 (landmark)
Bregma
5 (Landmark)
Vertex
1
Coronal Suture
2
Lambdoid Suture (Parieto-occipital suture)
3
Sagital Suture
1
sutural Wormian Bone (found in the suture itself)
Label these two sutures. What happens to them?
- Frontal Suture
- Mental Suture
They Dissapear with development
Label 1 and 2. What are they collectively known as?
- Neurocranium
- Viscerocranium
Together they are refered to as the cranium
What is the plane that the blue arrow is traveling through? Label the 2 red arrows (1 and 2) that signify the 2 important bony features that create the path for this plane.
Orbito-meatal plane (AKA “Frankfort Plane”)
- Superior margin of external auditory meatus
- Inferior margin of bony orbit
1.
Bony Orbit
2
Nasal Cavity
1
Temporal Fossa
2? Which two bones contribute?
Zygomatic Arch
Temporal and Zygomatic
1
Infratemporal fossa (IFT)
1, 2, and 3
- anterior cranial fossa
- Middle cranial fossa
- Posterior cranial fossa
1? What is the significance of these?
Parietal Eminences.
They make up the biparietal diameter which is the widest part during childbirth.
1 and 2? What muscle do these create an attachment for?
- Superior Temporal Line (STL)
- Inferior Temporal Line (ITL)
Act as an attachement for the temporalis muscle
1
Anterior Cranial Fossa (ACF)
2
Ethmoid Bone
1
Superior Rim of Orbit
2? What passes through this?
- Supraorbital Notch
Passageway for Supraorbital Nerve (a continuation of the frontal nerve)
3
Zygomatic Process of frontal bone
1
Frontal Sinus
1
Squamous Part of Temporal Bone
2
Mastoid Process of temporal bone
3? What does it house?
Petrous Part of temporal bone
Houses middle and inner ear
1
Zygomatic Process of Temporal Bone
(joins to zygomatic Process)
2
External Auditory Meatus
(AKA Acoustic Meatus)
3
Tympanic Plate
4
Mastoid Process (and Notch)
1
Arcuate Eminence
(Raised, semicircular canals, Inner ear)
2
Tegmen Tympani
(Roof of middle ear, Therefore is lateral to arcuate eminence)
3
Internal Auditory Meatus
(Pathway for nerve to back of brain)
1? What bones is it between?
Foramen Lacerum
Between Temporal, Sphenoid and part of occipital bones)
2? What Bones is it between?
The jugular
Between temporal and occipital
1
Foramen Lacerum
2
Styloid Process
3? what sits in here? What joint does this create?
Mandibular Fossa
Head of mandible sits in there
Creates TMJ
4? What runs through this?
Carotid Canal
Carotid Artery Runs through this
5? What runs through this?
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Vein runs through this
1 (general part)
Squamous part of Occipital Bone
2 (general Part)
Lateral parts of occipital bone (left and right)
3 (general Part). What bone does this attach to anteriorly?
Basal Part of Occipital Bone
Attaches to Sphenoid bone
4
Foramen Magnum
1
Superior Nuchal Line
2
Inferior Nuchal Line
3
Exterior Occipital protuberance
4
External Occipital Crest
5
Internal Occipital Protuberance
6
Internal Occipital Crest
What are the blue arrows pointing to? What articulates with these?
The Occipital condyles of the lateral parts of the occipital bone.
They Articulate with the superior articulating facets of C1 (the Atlas)
What is the blue arrow PRECISELY pointing to? What is the purpose of it?
The pharyngeal Tubercle
- attaches to pharyngeal raphe which is the muscle that will suspend the pharynx
1? What does it attach to?
Frontal process of zygomatic bone
Attaches to Frontal bone
2? What does it attach to? What does it contribute to?
Temporal Process of Zygomatic Bone
Attaches to temporal bone
Contributes to zygomatic arch
1 and 2 (Be precise). What do they make up?
- Zygomatic process of temporal bone
- Temporal process of zygomatic bone
Together they make up the Zygomatic Arch
1? What passes through?
Infraorbital Foramen
For infraorbital nerve
2? What do they house?
Alveolar Processes
House the upper teeth
What are the blue arrows pointing towards?
Maxillary Bone Air Sinuses
1? What bone does it form a junction with?
- Frontal Process of Maxilla
Forms a junction with the frontal bone
2? What bone does it form a junction with?
Zygomatic Process
Forms a junction with the zygomatic process
3 and 4? What do these make up?
- Palatine plate of maxilla
- Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Together they make up the bony palate
What bone is highlighted green?
Palatine Bone (Left)
What bone is this? Orientate it.
Palatine bone
Because we can see the pyramydal process which faces posteriorly and laterally, we can say that this image is being viewed from a posterior view.
1
Orbital process of palatine bone
2
Sphenoid process of palatine bone
3
Perpendicular plate of palatine process
4
Nasal Crest of palatine bone
5
Horizontal Plate of palatine bone
6
Pyramidal Process
(Remember that this faces backwards and laterally)
1
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
2
Greater wing of sphenoid bone
3? what does it fuse with posteriorly? What does it house? and what sinus does it contain?
Body of sphenoid bone
Fuses with basioccipit posteriorly
Houses pituitary gland
Contains Sphenoid sinus
1
Anterior Clinoid Process of sphenoid
2
Posterior Clinoid Process of Sphenoid
3?
Pituitary Fossa of Sphenoid
1 (foramen)
Rotundem foramen of sphenoid
2 (foramen)
Ovale Foramen of sphenoid
3 (foramen)
Spinosum foramen of sphenoid
4 (foramen)
Optic Canal/foramen of sphenoid
1
Superior Orbital fissure of sphenoid
2
Occipital canal of sphenoid
3
Inferior Orbital Fissure of Sphenoid
1
Pterygoid Hamalus of sphenoid
(Remember that hamas means hook so therofore this boi look like a hook)
2
Lateral Pterygoid Plate
3
Pterygoid fossa
4
Medial Pterygoid Plate
1
Cribriform Plate of ethmoid bone
2
Crista Galli of ethmoid bone
(most superior part of the ethmoid)
3 and 4? What do these make up?
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- Vomer Bone
Together they make up the bony nasal septum
1, 2, and 3? What do they all contibute to?
- Superior nasal conchae (part of ethmoid)
- Middle nasal conchae (part of ethmoid)
- Inferior nasal conchae (not part of ethmoid)
All contribute to lateral wall of nasal cavity.
What is the bone highlighted in green?
The Vomer
What bone is this?
Lacrimal Bone
1
Nasal Bone
2
Lateral Nasal cartilage (Left)
3? What seperates them?
Alar Nasal Cartilages
Seperated by Septal cartilage
4
Lateral Crura of Alar nasal cartilage
5
Medial Crura of Alar nasal cartilage
1
Mandibular ramus
2
Mandibular body
3
Mandibular Angle
1 and 2? what are they both part of?
- Head of Mandible
- Neck of mandible
part of condylar process of mandible
3
Coranoid Process of mandible
(muscle attachment)
4
Mental Foramen
5
Alveolar processes
(house teeth)
6
Mental Protuberance
1
Lingula
(Attachment for sphenomandibular ligament)
2
Madnibular forament
(pathway for nerve)
3
Mylohyoid line
(Muscle attachment)
4
Genial Tubercles (AKA mental Spine)
(Muscle Attachment)
5
Digastric Fossa
(muscle attachment)
1? What embryological germ layer did this come from?
Dentin
Mesoderm
2
Dental Pulp
(Soft connective tissue)
3? What embryological germ layer did this come from?
Enamel
From Ectoderm
4? What embryological Germ layer did this come from?
Cementum
From Mesoderm
(covers root of tooth)
1
Molars
(3 in each quadrant)
2
Pre-Molars
(2 in each quadrant)
3
Canines
(1 in each quadrant)
4
Incisors
(2 in each quadrant)
1 (be specific)
medial Incisors
2 (be specific)
Lateral Incisors
What SET of teeth are these? Why?
Deciduous teeth
Because the dental formular is now only 212 rather than 2123. There are no pre- molars and there are only 2 molars instead of the third that will appear with the “adult teeth” later.
