Week 3 Signal transduction

Question 1

Ligand

Answer 1

Things that bind to receptor

Question 2

Transducer

Answer 2

Convert signals to functional change

Question 3

Second Messenger

Answer 3

传递信息给proteins, in order to process

Question 4

Water soluble v.s. Lipid soluble hormone

Answer 4

Water solubel hormone have receptor on the surface of the cell, Lipid soluble have receptor on the inside of the cell

Question 5

Water soluble hormone

Answer 5

Receptor outside of the cell, slow reaction, can make non genomic response

Question 6

Lipid solube hormone

Answer 6

Receptor inside of the cell, Fast reaction, can make genomic response

Question 7

GPCR

Answer 7

信号放大装置，拥有多样的信号传导，速度快

Question 8

GPCR。

Answer 8

顾名思义，一个receptor有一个G protein作伴，当ligand bind，G protein 会bind to GTP，分离出alpha（with GTP），Beta - gama。 Alpha会去到Adenlyl cyclase， ATP会被转换成cAMP，然后cAMP会去activate Protein。

Question 9

Secondary messengers

Answer 9

cAMP and calcium ion

Question 9

cAMP

Answer 9

cAMP 作为一个secondary messenger 会开启protein kinase A.

Question 10

Kinase

Answer 10

things that phosphorylate

Question 11

Phosphatases

Answer 11

things that dephosphorylate

Question 12

Phosphorylate

Answer 12

把phosphate group（从ATP来的phosphate）加上去 → 简单来说就是把ATP当中的一个phosphate group挪到Protein上面去

Question 13

Enzyme linked receptors

Answer 13

receptors act in pair

Question 14

Receptor sequestration:

Answer 14

暂时性，cell会先endocytose把这个receptor暂时性的从surface拿掉然后要用就再放回去

Question 15

Receptor Down-regulation

Answer 15

Receptor也会被endocytosis但是这次会被lysosome溶解掉

Question 16

Receptor Inactivation

Answer 16

直接被inactivates，receptor的intracellular part被堵住

Question 17

Inactivation of signalling protein

Answer 17

很直接，就是intracellular被堵住

Question 18

Production of inhibitory protein

Answer 18

inhibitory protein直接bind到有关联的molecules