Week 3: Research Methods

Question 1

Construct Validity

Answer 1

refers to the extent to which a test, measurement, or research study accurately measures the theoretical concept or construct it is intended to assess.
-operationalization

Question 2

Internal Validity

Answer 2

Confidence in a causal relationship
Examples of threats to internal validity: reverse causality, confounds

Question 3

Operationalization

Answer 3

Process where researcher defines how concept is measured, observed, or manipulated in a study

Question 4

External Validity

Answer 4

can the findings generalize to other people? Settings? Situations?
-WEIRD samples

Question 5

Descriptive statistics

Answer 5

Summarize data: Median, mode, mean. SD

Question 6

Inferental statistics

Answer 6

make inferences about our population.
Null and alternatice hypothesis

Question 7

inferential test

Answer 7

a value (e.g., t-value, r) that quantifies the size of difference or relationship among variables accompanied by a p-value

Question 8

p-Value

Answer 8

-A p-value tells us how likely it is that the data we observed is to have occurred under the null hypothesis (i.e., if there is no effect)
-If the p-value is below your threshold of significance (typically p < 0.05), then you can reject the null hypothesis and claim a statistically significant difference/relationship

Question 9

t-Value

Answer 9

For comparing the mean of two groups

Question 10

correlation coefficient

Answer 10

relationship between two continuous variables

Question 11

Realibility

Answer 11

Do findings replicate?
Young describing the replication crisis

Question 12

Practices that seem to create positive results

Answer 12

Cherry-picking/selective reporting
HARKing: Hypothesis after results are known
P-hacking: manipulating data to get low p-value
Small samples