Week 3: Phonology Flashcards
Phonology
the study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.
Phonetic Inventories
sounds that are produced as part of grammar of language
Phonotactic Constraints
differences in the rules of governing which sound sequences are possible in a language
sound substitution
a process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word.
Aspiration
a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of VOICING.
Non contrastive
a term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language
contrastive
a term used to describe two sounds that a can be used to differentiate words in a language
allophone
each member of a particular phoneme
Phonetic environments
The sounds that come before and after a particular sound in a word
Nasalized vowels
In English, occur only in the environment of a nasal consonant.
Contrastive Distribution
simple a case in which the two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word
Minimal pair
defined as two words (with different meanings) whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound.
ie. team: teen
complimentary distribution
sounds that do not occur in the same phonetic environments- their distributions compliment each other.
Overlapping Distribution
“can occur in the same environment. - sounds that are in contrastive distribution and sounds that are in free variation are therefore both considered to have an overlapping distribution.”
Phonological Rule
The description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears
conditioning environment
Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change
Silibant
segments that have a high-pitched, hissing sound quality.
palatalization:
a special type of assimilation in which the a consonant becomes like neighboring palatal: ie. DID YOU? = DIJU?
Dissimilation:
cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of change in one or both sounds.
Manner dissimilation:
(GREEK) a stope becomes fricative when followed by another stop
Insertion:
cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.
Voiceless stop insertion
between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation
Deletion
Rule that eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level. Such rules apply more frequently to unstressed syllables and in casual speech
Metathesis:
change the order of sounds (many times) in order to make words easier to pronounce or easier to understand.
CV Metathesis
when three consecutive consonants occur the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel
Strengthening (Fortition)
make sounds stronger.
Weakening
cause sounds to become weaker. ie. the flapping rule in English
Flapping
an alveolar (ORAL) stop is realized as [] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.
diphthong raising
the diphthong is pronounced as [ahi] when it occurs before a voiceless sound
