Week 3: Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.

Question 2

Phonetic Inventories

Answer 2

sounds that are produced as part of grammar of language

Question 3

Phonotactic Constraints

Answer 3

differences in the rules of governing which sound sequences are possible in a language

Question 4

sound substitution

Answer 4

a process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word.

Question 5

Aspiration

Answer 5

a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of VOICING.

Question 6

Non contrastive

Answer 6

a term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language

Question 7

contrastive

Answer 7

a term used to describe two sounds that a can be used to differentiate words in a language

Question 8

allophone

Answer 8

each member of a particular phoneme

Question 9

Phonetic environments

Answer 9

The sounds that come before and after a particular sound in a word

Question 10

Nasalized vowels

Answer 10

In English, occur only in the environment of a nasal consonant.

Question 11

Contrastive Distribution

Answer 11

simple a case in which the two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 12

Minimal pair

Answer 12

defined as two words (with different meanings) whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound.
ie. team: teen

Question 13

complimentary distribution

Answer 13

sounds that do not occur in the same phonetic environments- their distributions compliment each other.

Question 14

Overlapping Distribution

Answer 14

“can occur in the same environment. - sounds that are in contrastive distribution and sounds that are in free variation are therefore both considered to have an overlapping distribution.”

Question 15

Phonological Rule

Answer 15

The description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears

Question 16

conditioning environment

Answer 16

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change

Question 17

Silibant

Answer 17

segments that have a high-pitched, hissing sound quality.

Question 18

palatalization:

Answer 18

a special type of assimilation in which the a consonant becomes like neighboring palatal: ie. DID YOU? = DIJU?

Question 19

Dissimilation:

Answer 19

cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of change in one or both sounds.

Question 20

Manner dissimilation:

Answer 20

(GREEK) a stope becomes fricative when followed by another stop

Question 21

Insertion:

Answer 21

cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.

Question 22

Voiceless stop insertion

Answer 22

between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation

Question 23

Deletion

Answer 23

Rule that eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level. Such rules apply more frequently to unstressed syllables and in casual speech

Question 24

Metathesis:

Answer 24

change the order of sounds (many times) in order to make words easier to pronounce or easier to understand.

Question 25

CV Metathesis

Answer 25

when three consecutive consonants occur the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel

Question 26

Strengthening (Fortition)

Answer 26

make sounds stronger.

Question 27

Weakening

Answer 27

cause sounds to become weaker. ie. the flapping rule in English

Question 28

Flapping

Answer 28

an alveolar (ORAL) stop is realized as [] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.

Question 29

diphthong raising

Answer 29

the diphthong is pronounced as [ahi] when it occurs before a voiceless sound