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BACT211 > WEEK 3 PART 2: BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM AND GENETICS > Flashcards

WEEK 3 PART 2: BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM AND GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

pH required for bacteria to grow

A

7.0 and 7.5

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2
Q

Required temperature for Psychrophiles/Cryophiles

A

0 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

Required temperature for Mesophiles

A

20 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius

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4
Q

Required temperature for Thermophiles

A

50 degrees Celsius to 60 degrees Celsius

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5
Q

Requires oxygen for growth

A

Obligate aerobes

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6
Q

Most clinically significant bacteria and can grow either with or without oxygen. Ex: Enterics

A

Facultative anaerobes

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7
Q

Bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. Ex: Clostridium & Bacteriodes

A

Obligate anaerobes

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8
Q

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen for metabolism. Ex: Propionibacterium acnes

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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9
Q

Bacteria the requires a reduced level of oxygen (2 to 10%) for growth. Ex: Campylobacter and Treponema

A

Microaerophiles

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10
Q

Bacteria that requires extra carbon dioxide (5 to 10%). Ex: Neisseria gonorrhea, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae

A

Capnophiles

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11
Q

Bacteria that requires high salt concentrations or hypertonic environments (30% salt. Ex: Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp.

A

Obligate halophiles

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12
Q

Bacteria that do not require high salt concentrations but grows in 2% to 15% salt concentration.

A

Facultative halophiles

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13
Q

Time required for one cell to divide into two cells.

A

Generation Time (Doubling time)

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14
Q

Phase where there is little or no cell division; intense metabolic activity. Also known as Adjustment Phase

A

Lag Phase

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15
Q

AKA “Exponential growth phase”; cell begins to divide; active cellular reproduction with constant minimum generation time; cells are at their most active state.

A

Log (Logarithmic) Phase

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16
Q

Phase where growth rate slows down (# of new cells = # of microbial deaths = population stabilizes period of equilibrium.

A

Stationary Phase

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17
Q

Phase where logarithmic decline; number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed.

A

Death Phase

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18
Q

used to estimate the number of bacteria

A

Direct counting under the microscope

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19
Q

growing dilution of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)

A

Direct plate count

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20
Q

the density (cloudiness or turbidity) of bacterial culture in log phase can be correlated to CFU/mL of the culture. Method used in AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

A

Density measurement

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21
Q

Metabolism. Utilization of a variety of substrates as carbon sources

A

Anabolism

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22
Q

Metabolism. Production of specific end products from various substrates.

A

Catabolism

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23
Q

Two mechanisms of Carbohydrate utilization

A

Fermentation and Respiration

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24
Q

A mechanism of Carbohydrate utilization. An aerobic process of energy production. End product - ATP

A

Respiration (oxidation)

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25
A mechanism of Carbohydrate utilization. An anaerobic process of energy generation. End product - mixtures of lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin.
Fermentation
26
What are the THREE MAJOR BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS used by bacteria to break down glucose to pyruvic acid
EMP GLYCOLYTIC, PENTOSE PHOSPHATE, ENTNER-DUODOROFF PATHWAY
27
Major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Anaerobic process. Bacteria members of Enterobacteriaceae. End product - 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS GLYCOLITIC PATHWAY
28
Pathway used by heterolactic fermenting bacteria like Lactobacilli and Bucella abortus.
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
29
Converts glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. Anaerobic process. End product - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvic acid
ENTNER-DUODOROFF PATHWAY
30
Cycle that allows complete oxidation of pyruvate.
KREBS CYCLE (TCA CYCLE)
31
Cycle that generates energy in the form of ATP
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
32
Used to determine the ability of an organism to use sodium citrate, malonate or acetate as the sole source of carbon
Citrate, Malonate, or Acetate Utilization
33
Medium that determines the end products of glucose fermentation. First pathway produces mixed acid (MR becomes red). Second pathway produces acetoin (VP becomes pink-red)
MR-VP (CLARK AND LUBS MEDIUM)
34
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic Acid. Fermentation pathways. Yeasts to ethanol
Alcohol fermentation
35
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Streptococcus and Lactobacillus to lactic acid.
Homolactic fermentation
36
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Lactobacillus to mixed acids (lactic, formic, and acetic acid; alcohols)
Heterolactic fermentation
37
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Propionibacterium acnes to propionic acid.
Propionic acid fermentation
38
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella to mixed acids (lactic, acetic, succinic and formic acids)
Mixed acid fermentation
39
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia to acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.
Butanediol fermentation
40
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Clostridium spp., Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium to butyric acid, acetic acid, etc.
Butyric acid fermentation
41
Nucleotide acid consists of a:
Phosphate group A cyclic five-carbon pentose a nitrogen containing base
42
Has ribose sugar. Single stranded
RNA
43
Has deoxyribose sugar. Exists as double helix.
DNA
44
A DNA sequence that carry hereditary information that encodes for a specific product (peptide/RNA)
Gene
45
all genes taken together within an organism
Genome
46
Contains all genes essential for growth and replication.
Chromosome
47
encodes products that are determinants of antimicrobial resistance
Plasmids
48
simplest mobile piece of DNA
IS (insertion sequence)
49
mobile elements that contain additional genes.
Transposons
50
Genetic Alteration. Duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell.
Replication
51
Expression of Genetic Information. It is the synthesis of single stranded RNAA (w/ the aid of the enzyme RNA polymerase) using one strand of the DNA as the template.
Transcription
52
Genetic Code. triplet of basses on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases on the mRNA. It identifies w/c amino acid will be in a specific location in the protein.
Anticodon
53
Genetic Code. Code consists of triplets of nucleotide bases.
Codons
54
Expression of Genetic Information. It is the synthesis of specific protein. Conversion of mRNA sequence into amino acids.
Translation
55
Change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes
Mutations
56
Change in one base
Base Substitution (Point mutation)
57
Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
Frameshift mutation
58
Method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on 2 DNA molecules
Genetic Recombination
59
Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell.
Transformation
60
Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Transformation. Able to take up free DNA. Ex: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, N. gonorrhea
Competent
61
Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage.
Transduction
62
Two courses of Transduction
Lytic Cycle or Lysogenic Cycle
63
Two courses of Transduction. Replication of bact. chrom. disrupted; phage particles formed; cell lysed and phage released.
Lytic Cycle
64
Two courses of Transduction. phage DNA incorp. to bact. genes; phage DNA expressed in site; lysis ensues at later time.
Lysogenic Cycle
65
Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Due to cell-to-cell contact- sex pilus. Mobilization of donor bacterium's chromosome. Both plasmids and chromosomal genes can be transferred by this method.
Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain
66
Mechanisms of Gene Transfer. Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain. Mobilization of donor bacterium's Plasmid. Plasmid is replicated.
Plasmid Transfer
67
Mechanisms of Gene Transfer. Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain. Be incorporated into chromosome of plasmids. "Jumping genes."
Transposon Transfer
68
Mechanisms of Gene Transfer. Produced by bacteria to cut incoming foreign DNA to prevent incorporation into their genome.
Restriction Enzymes

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