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BACT211 > WEEK 3 PART 2: BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM AND GENETICS > Flashcards

WEEK 3 PART 2: BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM AND GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

pH required for bacteria to grow

A

7.0 and 7.5

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2
Q

Required temperature for Psychrophiles/Cryophiles

A

0 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

Required temperature for Mesophiles

A

20 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius

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4
Q

Required temperature for Thermophiles

A

50 degrees Celsius to 60 degrees Celsius

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5
Q

Requires oxygen for growth

A

Obligate aerobes

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6
Q

Most clinically significant bacteria and can grow either with or without oxygen. Ex: Enterics

A

Facultative anaerobes

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7
Q

Bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. Ex: Clostridium & Bacteriodes

A

Obligate anaerobes

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8
Q

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen for metabolism. Ex: Propionibacterium acnes

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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9
Q

Bacteria the requires a reduced level of oxygen (2 to 10%) for growth. Ex: Campylobacter and Treponema

A

Microaerophiles

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10
Q

Bacteria that requires extra carbon dioxide (5 to 10%). Ex: Neisseria gonorrhea, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae

A

Capnophiles

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11
Q

Bacteria that requires high salt concentrations or hypertonic environments (30% salt. Ex: Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp.

A

Obligate halophiles

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12
Q

Bacteria that do not require high salt concentrations but grows in 2% to 15% salt concentration.

A

Facultative halophiles

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13
Q

Time required for one cell to divide into two cells.

A

Generation Time (Doubling time)

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14
Q

Phase where there is little or no cell division; intense metabolic activity. Also known as Adjustment Phase

A

Lag Phase

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15
Q

AKA “Exponential growth phase”; cell begins to divide; active cellular reproduction with constant minimum generation time; cells are at their most active state.

A

Log (Logarithmic) Phase

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16
Q

Phase where growth rate slows down (# of new cells = # of microbial deaths = population stabilizes period of equilibrium.

A

Stationary Phase

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17
Q

Phase where logarithmic decline; number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed.

A

Death Phase

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18
Q

used to estimate the number of bacteria

A

Direct counting under the microscope

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19
Q

growing dilution of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)

A

Direct plate count

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20
Q

the density (cloudiness or turbidity) of bacterial culture in log phase can be correlated to CFU/mL of the culture. Method used in AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

A

Density measurement

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21
Q

Metabolism. Utilization of a variety of substrates as carbon sources

A

Anabolism

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22
Q

Metabolism. Production of specific end products from various substrates.

A

Catabolism

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23
Q

Two mechanisms of Carbohydrate utilization

A

Fermentation and Respiration

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24
Q

A mechanism of Carbohydrate utilization. An aerobic process of energy production. End product - ATP

A

Respiration (oxidation)

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25
Q

A mechanism of Carbohydrate utilization. An anaerobic process of energy generation. End product - mixtures of lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin.

A

Fermentation

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26
Q

What are the THREE MAJOR BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS used by bacteria to break down glucose to pyruvic acid

A

EMP GLYCOLYTIC, PENTOSE PHOSPHATE, ENTNER-DUODOROFF PATHWAY

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27
Q

Major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Anaerobic process. Bacteria members of Enterobacteriaceae. End product - 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

A

EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS GLYCOLITIC PATHWAY

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28
Q

Pathway used by heterolactic fermenting bacteria like Lactobacilli and Bucella abortus.

A

PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

29
Q

Converts glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. Anaerobic process. End product - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvic acid

A

ENTNER-DUODOROFF PATHWAY

30
Q

Cycle that allows complete oxidation of pyruvate.

A

KREBS CYCLE (TCA CYCLE)

31
Q

Cycle that generates energy in the form of ATP

A

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

32
Q

Used to determine the ability of an organism to use sodium citrate, malonate or acetate as the sole source of carbon

A

Citrate, Malonate, or Acetate Utilization

33
Q

Medium that determines the end products of glucose fermentation. First pathway produces mixed acid (MR becomes red). Second pathway produces acetoin (VP becomes pink-red)

A

MR-VP (CLARK AND LUBS MEDIUM)

34
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic Acid. Fermentation pathways. Yeasts to ethanol

A

Alcohol fermentation

35
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Streptococcus and Lactobacillus to lactic acid.

A

Homolactic fermentation

36
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Lactobacillus to mixed acids (lactic, formic, and acetic acid; alcohols)

A

Heterolactic fermentation

37
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Propionibacterium acnes to propionic acid.

A

Propionic acid fermentation

38
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella to mixed acids (lactic, acetic, succinic and formic acids)

A

Mixed acid fermentation

39
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia to acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.

A

Butanediol fermentation

40
Q

Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic acid. Fermentation pathways. Clostridium spp., Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium to butyric acid, acetic acid, etc.

A

Butyric acid fermentation

41
Q

Nucleotide acid consists of a:

A

Phosphate group
A cyclic five-carbon pentose
a nitrogen containing base

42
Q

Has ribose sugar. Single stranded

43
Q

Has deoxyribose sugar. Exists as double helix.

44
Q

A DNA sequence that carry hereditary information that encodes for a specific product (peptide/RNA)

45
Q

all genes taken together within an organism

46
Q

Contains all genes essential for growth and replication.

A

Chromosome

47
Q

encodes products that are determinants of antimicrobial resistance

48
Q

simplest mobile piece of DNA

A

IS (insertion sequence)

49
Q

mobile elements that contain additional genes.

A

Transposons

50
Q

Genetic Alteration. Duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell.

A

Replication

51
Q

Expression of Genetic Information. It is the synthesis of single stranded RNAA (w/ the aid of the enzyme RNA polymerase) using one strand of the DNA as the template.

A

Transcription

52
Q

Genetic Code. triplet of basses on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases on the mRNA. It identifies w/c amino acid will be in a specific location in the protein.

53
Q

Genetic Code. Code consists of triplets of nucleotide bases.

54
Q

Expression of Genetic Information. It is the synthesis of specific protein. Conversion of mRNA sequence into amino acids.

A

Translation

55
Q

Change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes

56
Q

Change in one base

A

Base Substitution (Point mutation)

57
Q

Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs

A

Frameshift mutation

58
Q

Method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on 2 DNA molecules

A

Genetic Recombination

59
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell.

A

Transformation

60
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Transformation. Able to take up free DNA. Ex: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, N. gonorrhea

61
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage.

A

Transduction

62
Q

Two courses of Transduction

A

Lytic Cycle or Lysogenic Cycle

63
Q

Two courses of Transduction. Replication of bact. chrom. disrupted; phage particles formed; cell lysed and phage released.

A

Lytic Cycle

64
Q

Two courses of Transduction. phage DNA incorp. to bact. genes; phage DNA expressed in site; lysis ensues at later time.

A

Lysogenic Cycle

65
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer. Due to cell-to-cell contact- sex pilus. Mobilization of donor bacterium’s chromosome. Both plasmids and chromosomal genes can be transferred by this method.

A

Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain

66
Q

Mechanisms of Gene Transfer. Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain. Mobilization of donor bacterium’s Plasmid. Plasmid is replicated.

A

Plasmid Transfer

67
Q

Mechanisms of Gene Transfer. Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain. Be incorporated into chromosome of plasmids. “Jumping genes.”

A

Transposon Transfer

68
Q

Mechanisms of Gene Transfer. Produced by bacteria to cut incoming foreign DNA to prevent incorporation into their genome.

A

Restriction Enzymes

BACT211 (1 decks)

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