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NUR2228 > Week 3 - Neurological Nursing > Flashcards

Week 3 - Neurological Nursing Flashcards

1
Q

What is intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A

The hydrostatic force measured in the brain’s cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) compartment

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2
Q

Normal range of ICP:

A

0-15mmHg

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3
Q

Clinical manifestations of high ICP:

A
  • Changes in LOC
  • Headache
  • Seizures (impaired sensory and motor function)
  • Posturing (decerebrate, decorticate, flaccid)
  • Decreased motor function (change in mobility ability, posturing)
  • Vomiting
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4
Q

What does FAST stand for in regards to stroke?

A

F - Has their face drooped?
A - Can they lift both arms?
S - Is their speech slurred and do they understand you?
T - Call 000, time is critical

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5
Q

Non modifiable risk factors of a stroke:

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Genetics
  • Ethnicity
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6
Q

Modifiable risk factors of a stroke:

A
  • Hypertension
  • Cardiac disease
  • Obesity
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Sleep apnea
  • Smoking
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Illicit drug use
  • Lack of physical exercise
  • Poor diet
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7
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

Blood flow to an area of the brain is reduced or blocked (occlusion of a vessel by clot or embolus). Brain cells are starved of blood - hypoxia and a lack of oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose.

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8
Q

What is a haemorrhage stroke?

A

A blood vessel supplying part of the brain breaks or bursts. Bleeding occurs into the brain tissue, taking up space and damaging local cells. Increase in ICP results, and oedema again, leading to further damage. Again, the area of the brain damage is called a cerebral infarct.

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9
Q

Types of haemorrhage strokes:

A
  • Intracerebral

- Subarachnoid

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10
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Occurs when an artery bursts and bleeds into the brain. The most common cause of this is hypertension.

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11
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage is bleeding on the surface of the brain; that is, above the pia mater and below the arachnoid membrane. The main causes of this are a bursting aneurysm and malformation of arteries or veins.

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12
Q

Factors that determine the effects of a stroke:

A
  • Type of stroke
  • Location of the blocked or burst artery
  • Which area of the brain is damaged
  • How much brain tissue is permanently damaged
  • General health before the stroke
  • Level of activity before the stroke
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13
Q

How is a stroke diagnosed?

A

A CT or MRI can determine the size of the stroke, and identify if it is haemorrhagic or ischaemic. CT angiography can be used to visualise the affected cerebral blood vessels. Blood tests (such as coagulation studies, electrolytes, renal and hepatic tests) and an ECG are often performed to obtain a clear clinical picture.

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14
Q

What is the medication Alteplase used for?

A

A common thrombolytic medication given to patients who have experienced ischaemic stroke.

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15
Q

Whats the difference between alzheimers disease and dementia?

A

Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s is the most common cause of dementia. Alzheimer’s is a specific disease. Dementia is not.

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16
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia, after AD. There are a few different types, but all include an interruption to the blood supply in the brain. The most common cause is stroke.

17
Q

Common risk factors of vascular dementia include:

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Peripheral artery disease
18
Q

What is dementia with lewy bodies?

A

As the name suggests, Lewy Body dementia is caused by widespread abnormal aggregation of Lewy bodies, which are abnormal spherical structures, and develop inside nerve cells.

19
Q

Clinical manifestations commonly associated with Lewy Body dementia:

A
  • Visual hallucinations
  • REM sleep behaviour disorder
  • Parkinsonism
  • Fluctuating cognition
20
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

The destruction of neurons in the substantia nigra part of the midbrain. These particular neurons are responsible for the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

21
Q

Motor symptoms of Parkinson’s (trap):

A
  • Tremour
  • Rigidity
  • Akinesia
  • Postural instability
22
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

It is characterised by recurrent seizures, which are short episodes of involuntary movement that might involve a part of the body, or the entire body.

23
Q

What are the 3 different types of seizures?

A
  • Partial
  • Generalised
  • Continuous
24
Q

3 phases of a seizure:

A
  • Prodromal
  • Aural/ictal
  • Post ictal
25
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated disease, where the neurons in the CNS become progressively demyelinated.

26
Q

Neurons have three characteristics. What are they?

A

Excitability, conductivity, influence

27
Q

The neurotransmitters involved in Parkinson’s disease are;

A

Dopamine and acetylcholine

28
Q

The Victorian government has set up guidelines on caring for the patient with dementia in hospital. What do these include?

A

Assist with ADLs as required; referrals may be needed for extra professional input, alert all staff and ensure the environment is safe and involve the family and carers as they know the patient best of all

29
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

Weakness or the inability to move on one side of the body, making it hard to perform everyday activities like eating or dressing. One-sided weakness in your arms, hands, face, chest, legs or feet can cause: Loss of balance.

30
Q

Identify and provide rationale for two important nursing considerations in the care of a patient with a hemiparesis:

A

Supervision when mobilising / the use of lifting equipment. These patients would be considered a high falls risk and as such require supervision and assistance with mobilising and increased risk of DVT due to decreased movement. Regular neurovascular assessments are required.

NUR2228 (6 decks)

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