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Neuro Embryology > Week 3 - Neuro Embryology > Flashcards

Week 3 - Neuro Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

primordia of head, neck, face, palate, nasal cavity

A

present by 4-5 wks

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2
Q

pharyngeal apparatus

A

arches, clefts, pouches, membranes - surrounds foregut, is source of mesenchyme that forms the head, neck, face, palate, nasal cavity

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3
Q

facial prominences

A

frontonasal, maxillary, mandibular

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4
Q

combine to form 1st pharyngeal arch

A

maxillary and mandibular prominence

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5
Q

frontonasal prominence

A

single anterior bulge where forebrain is developing, cranial neural tube overgrows the pharynx

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6
Q

pharyngeal arches

A

bulges 1-6 (no 5) - 5 pairs, bars of mesenchyme covered with ectoderm externally and endoderm internally, form around foregut, formed by folding of lateral plate mesoderm, have associated aortic arch, somite/somitomere mesoderm and neural crest cells and nerves migrate into arches

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7
Q

pharyngeal clefts

A

indents between pharyngeal arches, four pairs 1-4, ectoderm external surface

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8
Q

pharyngeal pouches

A

indents inside the gut tube, opposite pharyngeal clefts, pairs 1-4, endoderm internal surface

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9
Q

pharyngeal membrane

A

thin area of tissue that between pharyngeal clefts and pharyngeal pouches as development progresses, ectoderm externally, endoderm internally, mesenchyme between, membranes do not break down in humans but they do break down in fish

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10
Q

maxillary prominence

A

part of 1st pharyngeal arch

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11
Q

mandibular prominence

A

part of 1st pharyngeal arch - fuse during week 4 to form lower lip/jaw/face

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12
Q

oropharyngeal membrane

A

membrane that covers hole between maxillary and mandibular prominences where mouth would be

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13
Q

somites / somitomeres

A

mesoderm migrates from them into pharyngeal arches, becomes most muscles of the face and parts of the skulls, ex: eye muscles from somitomeres and tongue from occipital somites

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14
Q

neural crest cells

A

migrate into pharyngeal arches, form skeletal parts of the head and PNS ganglia in the head

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15
Q

elements in each pharyngeal arch

A

skeletal (bones, cartilage, ligaments of head), muscular (skeletal muscles of head), neural (cranial nerves), vascular (aortic arch arteries)

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16
Q

cranial nerve

A

neurons from brain and cranial ganglia grown into specific pharyngeal arches forming cranial nerves - each arch has a single cranial nerve

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17
Q

1st arch muscles

A

trigeminal nerve, V3 to muscles of mastication

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18
Q

2nd arch muscles

A

facial nerve to muscles of facial expression

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19
Q

3rd arch muscles

A

glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus

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20
Q

4th arch muscles

A

vagus nerve to pharyngeal constrictors

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21
Q

6th arch muscles

A

vagus nerve to laryngeal muscles

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22
Q

1st pharyngeal arch

A

maxillary prominence becomes upper jaw (maxilla/zygomatic/squamous temporal bone - intermembranous), mandibular prominence becomes lower jaw, Meckel’s cartilage is replaced by mandible/malleus/incus/spine of sphenoid, muscles - temporalis/masseter/mylohyoid/ant belly digastric/tensor tympani/tensor veli palatini, nerve - trigeminal V3

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23
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch

A

Reichert’s cartilage is replaced by stapes/styloid process/stylohyoid ligament/lesser cornu of hyoid, muscles - facial expression/post belly digastric/stylohyoid/stapedius, bones of endochondral ossification

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24
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch

A

greater cornu of hyoid bone, glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus

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25
Q

4th pharyngeal arch

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilage, nerve - superior laryngeal of vagus nerve, muscles - soft palate (except tensor veli palatini), pharynx, cricothyroid, cricopharyngeus, sensation about vocal cords

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26
Q

6th pharyngeal arch

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilage, nerve - recurrent laryngeal of vagus, intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid), striated upper muscles of esophagus

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27
Q

all nerves of pharyngeal arches

A

are special visceral efferents

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28
Q

first pharyngeal pouch endothelial cells

A

auditory tube (epi lining), middle ear (epi lining), mastoid air cells

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29
Q

second pharyngeal pouch endothelial cells

A

palatine tonsils (epi component, no lymphatic)

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30
Q

third pharyngeal pouch endothelial cells

A

thymus, inferior parathyroid glands

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31
Q

fourth pharyngeal pouch endothelial cells

A

superior parathyroid glands, ultimobrachial bodies (thyroid)

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32
Q

thymus

A

from 3rd pharyngeal arch, migrates down behind sternum, capsule from neural crest cells, populated by thymocytes from hematopoetic stem cells, involutes in adolescence, still functional in adults

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33
Q

1st pharyngeal cleft

A

external auditory meatus (epi lining)

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34
Q

2nd, 3rd, 4th pharyngeal clefts

A

normally grown over by 2nd pharyngeal arch, leaving smooth surface and no gill slits - can create cervical sinus when covered which can lead to cervical cysts or fistulas

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35
Q

1st pharyngeal membrane

A

becomes tympanic membrane with three layers - ectoderm, mesosderm, endoderm

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36
Q

thyroid gland

A

forms from evagination of floor of pharynx between 1st and 2nd arches, remains connected to tongue via foramen cecum and thyroglossal duct, small piece of superior thyroid tissue called pyramidal lobe in 50% of pts, follicular cells from thyroid diverticulum and parafollicular cells from 4th pharyngeal pouch come together to form thyroid gland

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37
Q

tongue development

A

from floor of pharynx, involves arches 1-4, ant 2/3 = oral, post 1/3 = pharyngeal

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38
Q

ant 2/3 tongue (oral)

A

from 1st arch mesenchyme, distal tongue buds overgrow the median tongue bud and leave a median sulcus in the tongue

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39
Q

post 1/3 tongue (pharyngeal)

A

from 3rd arch mesenchyme, 3rd arch hypobrachial eminence overgrows the 2nd arch copula so the 2nd arch does not contribute to the tongue

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40
Q

terminal sulcus

A

boundary between 2/3 ant and 1/3 post tongue, where buccopharyngeal membrane used to be

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41
Q

epiglottis and extreme posterior tongue

A

from 4th arch mesenchyme

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42
Q

tongue muscles

A

from myoblasts that migrate from occipital myotomes with hypoglassal nerve that ends up innervating them

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43
Q

motor innervation of the tongue

A

all muscles but palatoglossus (vagus) supplied by hypoglossal nerve CN XII

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44
Q

sensory innervation of the tongue

A

ant 2/3 - lingual nerve V3 sensory and chorda tympani CN VII with lingual taste from 1st arch, post 1/3 - glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX taste and sensory from 3rd arch, extreme posterior tongue - internal laryngeal nerve CN X vagus from 4th arch

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45
Q

pituitary gland

A

evagination upward from roof of pharynx (endoderm) becomes gland and evegination downward from hypothalamus becomes infundibulum/neurohypophysis

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46
Q

general somatic efferent GSE

A

motor to skeletal muscles

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47
Q

general visceral efferent GVE

A

motor to heart, smooth muscle, glands, parasympathetic in cranial nerves

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48
Q

special visceral efferents SVE

A

motor to skeletal muscles that develop in pharyngeal arches (pharynx, larynx, middle ear)

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49
Q

general somatic afferents GSA

A

sensation of touch, pain, temp

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50
Q

special somatic afferents SSA

A

special sense organs from ectoderm in embryo (vision, hearing)

51
Q

general visceral afferents GVA

A

sensory from organs (heart, intestines)

52
Q

special visceral afferents SVA

A

special sense organs developing in assciation with gut tract (smell and taste)

53
Q

ear embryology

A

1st branchial cleft, 1st branchial pouch, otic placodes, 1st and 2nd arch derivatives

54
Q

nasal cavity embryology

A

nasal placodes form nasal pits in ectoderm, nasal sacs deepen from mesenchyme proliferation of medial and lateral nasal prominences, temporary epi plug, ***nasobuccal membrane ruptures

55
Q

palate embryology

A

5-12th wks, 6-9th wks key, primary palate - medial nasal prominences fuse ant to incisive foramen, secondary palate - lateral palatine prominences form medial maxillary prominences (allowed when tongue drops with mandibular formation) fuses with septum and primary palate, ossification in ant-post direction

56
Q

thyroid embryology

A

4th wk endoderm foregut thickening, thyroid diverticulum forms, thyroid descends ant to hyoid and thyroid cartilage, 7th wk thyroid reaches location and thyroglossal duct degenerates

57
Q

placodes

A

thickening of ectoderm - nasal placodes, lens placodes, otic (inner ear) placodes

58
Q

stomodeum and oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane

A

found in the space where the mouth will be, stomodeum from ectoderm of oropharyngeal membrane, is at level of terminal sulcus of tongue, breaks down

59
Q

rostral 1st pharyngeal arch

A

covered with ectoderm on both sides up to buccopharyngeal membrane, represents transition from keratinized to non-keratinized mucosa to gut tube endoderm

60
Q

nasal placodes

A

rostral frontonasal prominence, medial and lateral nasal prominences around each placode, form nose and upper lip, develop during 5th wk, medial nasal placode migrate toward each other and fuse

61
Q

mandible

A

formed from the fusion of the mandibular prominences (1st arch) during wk 4 and endochondral ossification

62
Q

medial nasal prominences (in frontonasal prominence)

A

medial side of nasal placodes, migrate toward each other and fuse during wk 6-7 forming intermaxillary segment that gives rise to nasal septum, philtrum, pre-maxilla, and primary palate

63
Q

maxillary prominence (1st pharyngeal arch)

A

grows medially, fusing with medial nasal prominences/lateral nasal prominences/mandibular prominences, forms cheek, lateral upper lip, secondary palate

64
Q

palate development

A

critical wks 6-9, primary palate - from intermaxillary segment of fused medial nasal prominences of frontonasal prominence, secondary palate - from palatine shelves of maxillary prominence of 1st pharyngeal arch ossifies ant - post

65
Q

incisive canal

A

where primary and secondary palate development meet and fuse, entire thing is called the definitive palate

66
Q

hard palate

A

ossified primary palate and ant secondary palate

67
Q

soft palate

A

unossified post secondary palate and uvula

68
Q

nasal septum

A

formed from fused medial nasal prominences grows down and fuses with definitive palate - gives rise to perp plate of ethmoid and vomer

69
Q

nostrils/nasal cavities

A

medial/lateral nasal prominences enlarge with proliferation of mesenchyme, nasal pits deepen created blind primitive nasal cavities which become connected to the oral cavity when the oronasal membrane ruptures making primitive choanae, as the secondary palate forms true choanae develop, nasal conchae protrude and olfactory epi develops in roof of nasal cavity

70
Q

paranasal air sinuses

A

formed after birth as outgrowths of walls of nasal cavity (only maxillary and ethmoid sinus are present at birth)

71
Q

nasal conchae

A

develop as elevations in lateral nasal cavity wall

72
Q

tooth development

A

maxilla and mandible grow along with tooth development, otoblasts from neural crest cells, trophic for bone dev in jaw

73
Q

critical period for ear development

A

4-9 wks, can lead to low set ears and deafness

74
Q

critical period for eye development

A

4-8wks, can lead to microphthalmia, cataracts, gluacoma

75
Q

eye 4wks

A

optic vesicle forms behind lens placode, optic vesicle is in the prosencephalon/diencephalon lined with neuroectoderm

76
Q

neuroectoderm and eye

A

forms invagination called optic groove -> optic vesicle -> optic cup on optic stalk (behind lens placode), develops into retina/iris/ciliary bodies and induces surface ectoderm to become lens

77
Q

lens placode

A

in front of optic cup of neuroectoderm, forms lens pit -> lens vesicle inside optic cup, branches of ophthalmic artery called hyaloid artery supply optic cup (retina) and lens vesicle (posterior lens)

78
Q

hyaloid artery

A

from ophthalmic artery to optic cup and posterior lens placode usually regresses from lens by 8 months (leaving an avascular lens), occasionally it can persist in adults and interfere with vision, becomes central artery that supplies the inner layer of the optic cup

79
Q

closure of optic fissure

A

where optic stalk wrapped around, hyaloid artery runs in it, it closes leaving a circular end opening behind lens and that becomes pupil

80
Q

optic cup

A

from neuroectoderm, has outer and inner layer with intraretinal space between them

81
Q

outer layer optic cup

A

becomes retinal pigmented epithelium, has strong inductive influence on neural retina, choroid, and sclera

82
Q

inner layer optic cup

A

from neuroectoderm, becomes neural retina, supplied by hyaloid artery that becomes central artery

83
Q

ciliary body

A

develop from inner (becomes non-pigemented ciliary layer) and outer (becomes pigmented ciliary layer) layers of optic cup anterior to the ora serrata

84
Q

iris

A

posterior iris is a continuation of the inner and outer layers of the retinal cup, anterior iris is stromal layer with dilator and sphincter muscles and an ant layer of chromataphores / melanocytes with genetically determined density, iris arise from both ectoderm and mesoderm

85
Q

sphincter and dilator pupillae

A

develop from neuroectoderm, unlike rule that muscles come from mesoderm

86
Q

lens

A

optic vesicle induces lens placode to form -> lens pit -> lens vesicle -> ant and post layers of lens vesicle come together closing lumen -> lens

87
Q

aqueous chambers and humor

A

anterior chamber is space within mesenchyme between lens and cornea, posterior chamber is a space in mesenchyme between iris and lens, both fill with aqueous humor from ciliary processes

88
Q

vitreous body

A

from mesenchyme between lens and retina

89
Q

choroid and sclear

A

from mesenchyme around eye induced by the retinal pigmented epithelium, choroid is inner vascular and pigements, sclera is outer tough

90
Q

cornea and conjunctiva

A

lens induces surface ectoderm to form outer epithelium, middle stroma comes from mesenchyme, inner endothelium comes from neural crest cells migrating from optic cup

91
Q

eyelids

A

folds of surface ectoderm and mesenchyme overgrow the eye forming eyelids

92
Q

skeletal muscles and nerves of the eyelids

A

orbicularis oculi (2nd arch, facial nerve, SVE), levator palpebrae superioris (preo-otic myotomes, oculomotor nerve, GSE)

93
Q

smooth muscle and nerve of the eyelids

A

superior tarsal (mesenchyme, sympathetic, GVE)

94
Q

external ear

A

1st pharyngeal cleft and mesenchyme of 1st and 2nd phyarngeal arches

95
Q

middle ear

A

1st pharyngeal pouch; ossicles from 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

96
Q

inner ear

A

otic vesicle

97
Q

otic placodes

A

on rhombencephalon (hindbrain), come from surface ectoderm thickening, otic placode -> otic pit -> otic vesicles (otocytes) -> membranous labyrinth

98
Q

otic vesicle

A

becomes membranous labyrinth, induces mesenchyme to become bony labyrinth and contributes to peripheral CN VIII ganglion (statoacoustic ganglion)

99
Q

dorsal (utricular) otic vesicle

A

becomes semicircular ducts, utricle, endolymphatic duct

100
Q

ventral (saccular) otic vesicle

A

becomes saccule, cochlear duct, ductus reuniens

101
Q

semicircular ducts

A

from dorsal part of otic vesicle, flat plates from utricle, fills with endolymph, ampulla and crista ampullaris form

102
Q

utricle

A

from dorsal otic vesicle, what remains after semicircular canals form, macula utriculi form

103
Q

statoacoustic ganglion

A

from wall of optic vesicle and neural crest cells, splits into spiral and vestibular ganglia

104
Q

vestibular ganglion

A

bipolar 1st order afferent, from optic placode and neural crest cells, part of CN VIII - special somatic afferent

105
Q

cochlear duct

A

from ventral otic vesicle, out of saccule, ductus reuniens remains connecting them

106
Q

orga of Corti (spiral organ)

A

from wall of cochlear duct, hair cells innervated by bipolar cells from statoacoustic ganglion, auditory to CN VIII - special somatic afferent

107
Q

otic capsule

A

mesenchyme surrounding otic vesicle induced to condense, outer part ossifies becoming bony labyrinth

108
Q

scala vestibuli / scala tympani perilymphatic spaces

A

formed from vacuolization of cartilage of inner otic capsule

109
Q

membranous cochlear duct

A

from otic vesicle, inside vacuolized cartilaginous otic capsule, composed of vestibular and basilar membranes and spiral ligament

110
Q

vestibular membrane

A

between scala vestibuli and cochlear duct

111
Q

basilar membrane

A

between scala tympani and cochlear duct

112
Q

spiral ligament

A

attachment between cochlear duct and cartilage capsule

113
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic cavity and auditory tubes form from first pharyngeal pouch, pouch grows outward and upward to surround ossicles

114
Q

malleus and incus

A

forms from Meckel’s cartilage of 1st pharyngeal arch

115
Q

stapes

A

forms from Reichert’s cartilage of the 2nd pharyngeal arch

116
Q

mastoid air cells

A

from extending tympanic cavity reaching back into mastoid bone

117
Q

tensor tympani

A

from 1st arch, from bony / cartilage auditory tube, attaches manubrium to malleus, nerve - V3 (special visceral efferent)

118
Q

stapedius

A

from 2nd arch, from wall of tympanic cavity, attaches to stapes, nerve - facial nerve (special visceral efferent)

119
Q

external ear

A

from 1st pharyngeal cleft, exends inward making external acoustic meatus and meatal plug (epithelial cells - later dissolves)

120
Q

tympanic membrane

A

forms where 1st pharyngeal cleft and 1st pharyngeal groove meet, outer ectoderm layer, middle mesoderm layer, inner endodermal layer - most nociceptive receptors, overlapping innervation from facial / glossopharyngeal / vagus / trigeminal

121
Q

auricle (pinna)

A

6 hillocks, dorsal half from 1st arch and half from 2nd arch, fuse into folds around 1st cleft and move upward and backward as mandible lengthens

122
Q

1st hillock

A

from 1st arch, gives rise to tragus, crus of helix, and helix - sensory from CN V

123
Q

2nd hillock

A

from 2nd arch, gives rise to antihelix, antitragus, and lobule - sensory cervical plexus and facial nerve

124
Q

dermatomes of neck

A

surface ectoderm of 2nd - 6th arches go into cervical sinus and disappear that is why spinal nerve innervation starts below V3

Neuro Embryology (1 decks)

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