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Biomolecules > Week 3 lecture 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Week 3 lecture 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major elements of life?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

Molecules possessing the empirical chemical formula [CH2O]n

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxy groups

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4
Q

What class of compounds makes up most of the organic matter on Earth?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

What are the chemical names of the two types of carbohydrate?

A

Polyhydroxy aldehydes

Polyhydroxy ketones

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6
Q

What chemical functional groups are present in carbohydrates?

A

Ketones or aldehydes

Alcohol

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7
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy stores, fuels, metabolic intermediates, structural framework for DNA/RNA, structural elements, mediation of interactions

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8
Q

Why are carbohydrates involved in mediating interactions between cells and between cells and their environment?

A

Huge structural diversity (monosaccharides vary in size, sterioisomers)

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9
Q

What is the name of the three carbon (triose) aldehyde sugar?

A

L-glyceraldehyde

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10
Q

Name the smallest ketone monosaccharide

A

dihydroxyacetone

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11
Q

Glucose is not the most abundant carbohydrate ingested, why is it the most abundant absorbed into the blood stream?

A

Digestion

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12
Q

What is the most ingested carbohydrate?

A

Starch (a polymer of glucose)

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13
Q

Name three other carbohydrates present in the body that can be derived from glucose

A

Ribose/deoxyribose
lactose
glycogen

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14
Q

Where is glucose the sole fuel molecule in the body?

A

Brain and red blood cells

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15
Q

Name 4 diseases associated with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism

A

Diabetes (Mellitus)
Galactosaemia
Fructose intolerance
Lactose intolerance

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16
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Basic units of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars

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17
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Composed of two monosaccharide units, which may be the same or different

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18
Q

What disaccharide is composed of two glucose sugar units?

A

Maltose

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19
Q

What is sucrose composed of?

A

Glucose and fructose

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20
Q

What is lactose composed of?

A

Glucose and galactose

21
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Defined as containing between 3 and 10 monosaccharide units, the same or a mixture

22
Q

A polysaccharide may be ____ (e.g. cellulose) or _____ (e.g. glycogen, starch)

A

Linear

Branches

23
Q

What type of polysaccharide contain only one type of monosaccharide unit?

A

Homopolysaccharides

24
Q

Name three examples of homopolysaccharides

A

Cellulose, glycogen, starch

25
Q

What type of polysaccharide contain two or more different types of monosaccharide unit?

A

Heteropolysaccharides

26
Q

Name 4 examples of heteropolysaccharides

A

Heperin, mucins, glycoproteins, hyaluronic acid

27
Q

Why are monosaccharides important?

A

As fuel molecules and building blocks for nucleic acids

28
Q

What additional functional groups do more common complex monosaccharides have?

A

Carboxylic acid and amino groups

29
Q

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharide sugars contain?

A

minimum 3

no maximum

30
Q

How many carbon atoms do important biological monosaccharides contain?

A

3 to 6 (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses)

31
Q

What is the most common number of carbon atoms in biologically important monosacchrides?

A

5 and 6

32
Q

Glyceraldehyde is also called

A

Aldose

33
Q

What is the difference between D and L enantiomers?

A

D (dexter) alcohol group is on the right

L alcohol group is on the left

34
Q

Where are all aldose sugars derived from?

A

Glyceraldehyde

35
Q

What series of aldose is found in the human metabolism?

A

D series

36
Q

What is the general rule for calculating the number of isomers for monosaccharides containing a defined number of carbon atoms?

A

Number of asymmetric carbons (N)

The number of carbons is 2^N

37
Q

What name is given to isomers that arrise due to asymemeteric carbons that are not mirror images?

A

Diasterioisomers

38
Q

What name is given to isomers that differ only at one position?

A

Epimers

39
Q

What groups can glucose contajn?

A

Amino group usually on C2 e.g. glucosamine

40
Q

What are deoxysugars?

A

Where a hydroxyl is replaced by -H

41
Q

Give examples of deoxysugars

A

Fucose (6-deoxygalactose)

Deoxyribose (C-5 sugar)

42
Q

What groups does glucose contain?

A

-OH, aldehyde group

43
Q

What can happen to the aldehyde group that glucose contains?

A

Can be oxidised or reduced

44
Q

How does glucose react with acids>

A

As alcohols

Gives esters

45
Q

How does glucose react with phosphoric acid?

A

As an alcohol

Gives phosphates

46
Q

How does glucose react with sulphuric acid?

A

As an alcohol

Gives sulfuric acid

47
Q

Glucose in the presence of bromine and water is oxidised to form?

A

Gluconic acid

48
Q

Glucose can be reduced in the presence of sodium and mercury to give?

A

Sorbitol

49
Q

Glucose in the presence of HNO3 is oxidised to give?

A

Glucaric acid

Biomolecules (3 decks)

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