Week 3 Lec 16 - Higher Level Processing : Memory, Sleep, Consciousness

Question 1

In the morning, your alarm clock stimulates your _____ to wake you up

Hippocampus
RAS
Basal Ganglia
REM

Answer 1

RAS is the brain region that keeps your cerebellum awake

Basal Ganglia: Are for motor control

REM: is for sleep

Hippocampus: Is for making or retrieving memories

Question 2

When is your metabolic rate the lowest?

During NREM sleep (non REM, deep sleep)

During REM sleep

During RAS sleep

While reading a book after a good meal

Answer 2

During NREM

• RAS is not active during sleep

Question 3

What is memory?

Answer 3

The process of acquiring, storing, retaining, and retrieving information overtime

Question 4

What is the physiology of memory? How are they developed sometimes?

Answer 4

memory can be acquired through senses like touch, smell, sight hearing, and taste are.

Sometimes long term development are response to repeated stimuli (lower centers) or due to pain/pleasure reinforcement

Neural pathways are essential for memory formation and development

Question 5

What are the broad types of memories? There are three.

Answer 5

1. Fact Memories
2. Skill Memories
3. Automatic Memories

Question 6

What is fact memories?

Answer 6

Fact memories are refered to a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recall of information. THese memory usually involves knowledge about facts and general information that is not tied to personal experience or specific events from one’s own life

Question 7

What is skill memories?

Answer 7

Skill memories are a type of long term memory involved in the performance of skills and actions.

Unlike declarative memory, which requires CONSCIOUS recall of facts and events, skill memories are operated usually unconsciously and responsilbe on how to perform task

Question 8

What is automatic memories (uncoscious)? How are they different from skill memories?

Answer 8

involes information that is retained and used without conscious thought or conscious awarness. There different from skill memories since skill memories are developed through practice and experience. Automatic memories can be thought as of like playing a musical instrument storied in implixit memory

Question 9

Where are skill memories stored? *Requires knowledge from a previous lecture

Answer 9

stored in motor association areas as well as the cerebellum, basal nuclei

Question 10

Where are all fact memories created and stored?

Answer 10

stored in the hippocampus where it helps encode new information and transfer it to long-term storage

ALSO amygdala

Question 11

Where are programmed behaviors stored in terms of skill memories?

Answer 11

stored in the brain stem

Question 12

Where are automatic memories created?

Answer 12

Stored in basal Ganglia and cerebellum

Question 13

Where are visual memories stored?

Answer 13

stored in regions like the occipital lobe in process visual information

parietal and temporal lobe integrating visual information with spatial and contextual data

Frontal cortex involving higher level processing including the manipulation and recall of visual memories

Question 14

Where are auditory memories formed?

Answer 14

Primary auditory cortex (PAC) for intial processing of auditory information

Temporal lob for. complex auditory processing and memory formation

Question 15

Where are taste memories formed?

Answer 15

Gustatory cortex is involved in direct processing of taste information

Hippocampus: responsible for forming and storing new memories including those related to taste

Amygdala: THis brain region can be involved in processing emotions and influence taste memory by connecting flavors with emotional experiences

Question 16

Where are visual memories stored? Auditory, taste etc. How would destruction of these areas create retrograde amnesia? What is Retrograde amnesia?

Answer 16

Retrograde amnesia occurs when there is damage to these memory storaage areas leading to the loss of formed memories.

For these areas:
Hippocampus: Damage to this area affect the ability to retrieve older memories

Occipital lobe: Injury to this area can result in loss of visual memories

Temporal Lobe: Damage to this region impacts auditory and possibly some aspects of taste memory

Question 17

What are the stages of memories?

Answer 17

1. Short-term Memories
2. Intermediate-long term memories
3. Long-term memories

Question 18

What is the limbic system

Answer 18

responsible for memory formation and retrieval

Question 19

How long do short term memories last?

Answer 19

seconds-mintues

Question 20

How long can intermediate and long term memories last?

Answer 20

Intermediate-long term memories: Days to weeks

:ong- Term memories: Can last a life time

Question 21

What parts of the brain are essential in consolidating memories?

Answer 21

Hippocampus: crucial for forming new memories (declarative)

Amygdala: influrncing emotional content and enhancing the storage of emotionally charged memories

Question 22

What characteristics about a situation can play a role in consolidating memories?

Answer 22

Emotional significance with strong emotional content are more likely to be remembered

Repetition and rehearsal exposure to information strengthen memory consolidation

Question 23

What are anterograde or retrograde amnesia? How are these different?

Answer 23

Anterograde Amnesia: This condition prevents the formation of new memories. Individuals with this condition can recall past events but struggle to create and retain new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia: Involves the loss of memories from before the onset of amnesia. People whith this conditions cannot recall past events

Question 24

Concerning neurons, what creates memories? How (generally) are neural pathways changed when
memories are made?’

Answer 24

Memories are created when neurons in the brain form connections or synapses (or formed when neurons communicate with each other), they create new circuits between nerve cells

*Often called synaptic plasticity in their is changes in the strength of connections

Question 25

After a fall, you wake up to find that you cannot recall what your car looks like. What part of the brain
might be damaged (and why)?

Answer 25

The limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, is inovlved in the formation of long-term memories. Damage to this area can lead to difficulties in recalling visual memories