Week 3 Lec 16 - Higher Level Processing : Memory, Sleep, Consciousness Flashcards
In the morning, your alarm clock stimulates your _____ to wake you up
Hippocampus
RAS
Basal Ganglia
REM
RAS is the brain region that keeps your cerebellum awake
Basal Ganglia: Are for motor control
REM: is for sleep
Hippocampus: Is for making or retrieving memories
When is your metabolic rate the lowest?
During NREM sleep (non REM, deep sleep)
During REM sleep
During RAS sleep
While reading a book after a good meal
During NREM
- RAS is not active during sleep
What is memory?
The process of acquiring, storing, retaining, and retrieving information overtime
What is the physiology of memory? How are they developed sometimes?
memory can be acquired through senses like touch, smell, sight hearing, and taste are.
Sometimes long term development are response to repeated stimuli (lower centers) or due to pain/pleasure reinforcement
Neural pathways are essential for memory formation and development
What are the broad types of memories? There are three.
- Fact Memories
- Skill Memories
- Automatic Memories
What is fact memories?
Fact memories are refered to a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recall of information. THese memory usually involves knowledge about facts and general information that is not tied to personal experience or specific events from one’s own life
What is skill memories?
Skill memories are a type of long term memory involved in the performance of skills and actions.
Unlike declarative memory, which requires CONSCIOUS recall of facts and events, skill memories are operated usually unconsciously and responsilbe on how to perform task
What is automatic memories (uncoscious)? How are they different from skill memories?
involes information that is retained and used without conscious thought or conscious awarness. There different from skill memories since skill memories are developed through practice and experience. Automatic memories can be thought as of like playing a musical instrument storied in implixit memory
Where are skill memories stored? *Requires knowledge from a previous lecture
stored in motor association areas as well as the cerebellum, basal nuclei
Where are all fact memories created and stored?
stored in the hippocampus where it helps encode new information and transfer it to long-term storage
ALSO amygdala
Where are programmed behaviors stored in terms of skill memories?
stored in the brain stem
Where are automatic memories created?
Stored in basal Ganglia and cerebellum
Where are visual memories stored?
stored in regions like the occipital lobe in process visual information
parietal and temporal lobe integrating visual information with spatial and contextual data
Frontal cortex involving higher level processing including the manipulation and recall of visual memories
Where are auditory memories formed?
Primary auditory cortex (PAC) for intial processing of auditory information
Temporal lob for. complex auditory processing and memory formation
Where are taste memories formed?
Gustatory cortex is involved in direct processing of taste information
Hippocampus: responsible for forming and storing new memories including those related to taste
Amygdala: THis brain region can be involved in processing emotions and influence taste memory by connecting flavors with emotional experiences
Where are visual memories stored? Auditory, taste etc. How would destruction of these areas create retrograde amnesia? What is Retrograde amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia occurs when there is damage to these memory storaage areas leading to the loss of formed memories.
For these areas:
Hippocampus: Damage to this area affect the ability to retrieve older memories
Occipital lobe: Injury to this area can result in loss of visual memories
Temporal Lobe: Damage to this region impacts auditory and possibly some aspects of taste memory
What are the stages of memories?
- Short-term Memories
- Intermediate-long term memories
- Long-term memories
What is the limbic system
responsible for memory formation and retrieval
How long do short term memories last?
seconds-mintues
How long can intermediate and long term memories last?
Intermediate-long term memories: Days to weeks
:ong- Term memories: Can last a life time
What parts of the brain are essential in consolidating memories?
Hippocampus: crucial for forming new memories (declarative)
Amygdala: influrncing emotional content and enhancing the storage of emotionally charged memories
What characteristics about a situation can play a role in consolidating memories?
Emotional significance with strong emotional content are more likely to be remembered
Repetition and rehearsal exposure to information strengthen memory consolidation
What are anterograde or retrograde amnesia? How are these different?
Anterograde Amnesia: This condition prevents the formation of new memories. Individuals with this condition can recall past events but struggle to create and retain new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia: Involves the loss of memories from before the onset of amnesia. People whith this conditions cannot recall past events
Concerning neurons, what creates memories? How (generally) are neural pathways changed when
memories are made?’
Memories are created when neurons in the brain form connections or synapses (or formed when neurons communicate with each other), they create new circuits between nerve cells
*Often called synaptic plasticity in their is changes in the strength of connections
