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MBBCh 2- HAEM2000A > Week 3: i. Virology > Flashcards

Week 3: i. Virology Flashcards

1
Q

History:
Edward Jenner -

A

pioneer of smallpox vaccine (1796)

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2
Q

History:
Louis Pasteur -

A

Louis Pasteur - created 1st vaccine for rabies (1885)

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3
Q

History:
Adolf Edward Mayer -

A

Adolf Edward Mayer - published paper discussing filterable infectious agent that caused dis in plants (1886). Dismissed

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4
Q

History:
Dimitri Ivanofsky -

A

Dimitri Ivanofsky - demonstrated filterable infectious agent; showed sap of leaves infected w tobacco mosaic disease retained its infectious properties after filtration

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5
Q

History:
Martinis Beijerinck -

A

Martinis Beijerinck - filterable infectious agent able to multipl in living cells - “contagious living liquid”

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6
Q

True or False,
Viruses infect ALL cellular life forms and are found in soil, air and water

A

True

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7
Q

Viruses in the human host:
- Non- pathogenic:

A

Human Virome (viral microbiota) - NB for metabolic homeostasis

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8
Q

Viruses in the human host:
- Pathogenic:

A

Quiescent (inactive)/ Active: infection/ disease

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9
Q

What is a virus?

A
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10
Q

What is a virion?

A

Virion = complete infectious viral particle.

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11
Q

What is a virion composed of? (4)

A

Composed of:
1. outer coat (envelope); capsid;
2. genome - nucleic acids (allows for replication).
3. Envelope — lipid membrane that encloses the nucleocapsid and has surface proteins - glycoprotein which are antigenic = induce immune response.
4. Capsid — protein shell that protects the genome; present in both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses; in non-enveloped = outer covering; in enveloped = underneath lipid membrane

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12
Q

Types of Virus Structure: (4)

A
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13
Q

What are the properties of enveloped viruses? (3)

A
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14
Q

What are the properties of naked viruses? (5)

A
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14
Q

The Genome:
DNA: (3)

A
  • Single stranded ie Parvovirus
  • Double stranded (most) ie HAdV, HPV, polymviruses, herpes viruses, pox viruses
  • Reverse transcribing ie Hep B virus
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15
Q

The Genome:
RNA: (5)

A
  • Double stranded ie Rotavirus
  • Single stranded ie all other viruses
  • Segmented — reassortment/ recombination ie rotavirus, influenza viruses, Bunya viruses, Arenaviruses
  • Non-segmented — all other RNA viruses
  • Reverse transcribing ie HIV
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16
Q

What is the Baltimore classification system?

A
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17
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: Respiratory droplet (inhalation)

  • Examples:
A
18
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: Fecal-oral (ingestion)

  • Examples:
A
19
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: Blood and blood products/percutaneous/organ transplant

  • Examples:
A
20
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: Sexual

  • Examples:
A
21
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: Skin or mucous membrane contact

  • Examples:
A
22
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: Zoonoses (bite; direct contact)

  • Examples:
A
23
Q

Spread of viruses
- Mode of transmission: mother-to-child

  • Examples:
A
24
Q

Previous classifications: (3)

A
25
Q

International committee on taxonomy of viruses (ICTV):

A
26
Q

Viral Pathogenesis: (2)

A
  • Entry into host
  • Primary (localized) replication - permissive cells (@ pt of entry)
27
Q
  • Viremia:
A

virus goes into transport systems and infects other cells/ invades other system to

28
Q
  • Viremia
    = Primary:
A

lymph and reticular endoplasmic systems

29
Q
  • Viremia
    = Secondary:
A

haematogenous/ neuronal

30
Q

Viral Pathogenesis
- Systemic replication:

A

virus goes to target organs ie CNS, CVS, Liver

31
Q

How does viral replication take place? (5)

A
  1. Attachment of virion to a cell - receptors = virus specific
  2. Entry and unloading into cell - endocytosis/ fusion
  3. Synthesis of viral genes - transcription of viral genes into mRNA; translation of viral mRNA into proteins and genome replication
  4. Assembly of viral genome and proteins into virion
  5. virus release - cell lysis or budding
32
Q

Outcomes of viral infection:

A
33
Q

What is the spectrum of viral infections?

A
34
Q

How to diagnose viral infections:
Need correct specimen; correctly collected ; correctly transported and correct test to ensure accurate diagnosis

Viral diagnostics: (2)

A
  1. Serology
  2. Molecular assays/ PCR
35
Q

What is the method of serology? (2)

A
  1. Serology - detection of Ab against spec Ag
  • Speciment - blood/ serum: IgM - diagnosis of acute infection; IgG - indicate immunity (from past infection or vaccination)
36
Q
  1. Serology
    Benefits:
    Disadvantage:
A
  • Benefits: cost effective; sensitive; specific; automated testing therefore quick results; doesn’t req viable virus
  • Disadvantage: may have false results (due to interfering substances)
37
Q

What are molecular assays/PCR? (3)

A
  • detection of viral gene
  • RNA/ DNA - variety of specimen ie CSF, blood, swaps, urine
  • Qualitative ie positive/ negative + Quantitative ie tells viral lode
38
Q
  1. Molecular assays/ PCR
    Advantage:
    Disadvantage:
A
  • Advantage: high sensitive; fast and automated; can culture viable/ unviable specimen
  • Disadvantage: can have false positive due to contamination or degradation
39
Q

Health implications of viral infections:

  • Human diseases: (3)
A
  • Minor illness - common cold
  • Lethal disease - rabies, VHFs and causes of cancer
  • Pandemic diseases - HIV, H1N1-2009
40
Q

Health implications of viral infections:

Domestic animal disease -

A

may spill over to humans

41
Q

Health implications of viral infections:

Research and Diagnostics: (4)

A
  • molecular and cell biology
  • dev of vaccine
  • treatment (anti-cancer agents, gene vector for treatment of genetic diseases)
  • source of enzymes used in molecular biology
42
Q
A

MBBCh 2- HAEM2000A (30 decks)

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