Week 3 - Genetics, Physiology and Personality Flashcards by Valentina Knezevic

Which of the following best describes a moderation effect?

A) A causes B, which then causes C
B) The effect of A on B is explained by variable C
C) The effect of A on B varies depending on levels of C
D) A has a direct effect on B that does not change

C) The effect of A on B varies depending on levels of C

Moderation refers to interactions where the strength or direction of the relationship between A and B depends on C.

AKA Interactions or Modifiers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does mediation imply in a statistical model?

A) A and B are independent of each other
B) The effect of X on Y is a function of a third variable M
C) The effect of M is constant across all levels of X
D) M moderates the relationship between X and Y

B) The effect of X on Y is a function of a third variable M

Mediation suggests that the effect of X on Y is transmitted through a mediator M.

Casual pathways

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the context of personality heritability, which of the following is an example of moderation?

A) Genetic influences on personality remain constant across all environments
B) Environment fully explains the differences in personality
C) Genetic effects on personality are stronger in high-stress environments
D) Genetic effects cause personality traits via a third variable

C) Genetic effects on personality are stronger in high-stress environments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which diagram represents a mediation model?

A) A → B ← C
B) X → M → Y
C) A → B
↓
C
D) X ← M → Y

B) X → M → Y

In mediation, X affects Y through M, forming a causal chain: X → M → Y.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are moderation and mediation different conceptually?

A) Mediation affects strength; moderation affects direction
B) Mediation is about ‘how’ an effect occurs; moderation is about ‘when’ or ‘for whom’
C) Mediation occurs only in experiments; moderation only in surveys
D) They are statistically identical but interpreted differently

B) Mediation is about ‘how’ an effect occurs; moderation is about ‘when’ or ‘for whom’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ refers to the complete set of genes an organism possesses.

Genome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary goal of behavioral geneticists studying personality?

A) To prove that personality is entirely inherited
B) To eliminate the role of environment in personality development
C) To understand the degree to which genetic and environmental differences explain personality traits
D) To identify every gene responsible for behavior

C) To understand the degree to which genetic and environmental differences explain personality traits

Behavioral geneticists focus on the relative contribution of genes and environment to individual differences in personality.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about genes and personality is accurate?

A) Most personality traits are linked to a single gene
B) Genes only influence physical traits, not psychological traits
C) Only a small number of genes differ between individuals, but they may influence both physical and personality traits
D) Personality is purely a result of environmental factors

C) Only a small number of genes differ between individuals, but they may influence both physical and personality traits

While humans share most of their genes, individual genetic differences can influence both physical and psychological traits, including personality.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is one major controversy surrounding genetic research in personality?

A) It completely excludes environmental effects
B) It has no real-world application
C) It can be ideologically misused to justify harmful beliefs or policies
D) It proves that all behaviors are predetermined

C) It can be ideologically misused to justify harmful beliefs or policies

Concerns include misuse for political reasons, misinterpretation of findings (e.g., “it’s in their genes”), and potential associations with eugenic ideologies.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following best describes a misconception about genetic influence on personality?

A) Genes and environment interact
B) Genetic influence means a trait is unchangeable
C) Genetic research can inform understanding of individual differences
D) Environmental interventions can still be effective

C) Genetic research can inform understanding of individual differences

Finding a genetic component does not mean a trait is fixed or immune to environmental change—this is a common misconception.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is it important to study the genetics of personality despite potential controversies?

A) It confirms the superiority of certain traits
B) It replaces the need for environmental psychology
C) Knowledge helps combat ignorance and improves understanding
D) It allows control over personality development

C) Knowledge helps combat ignorance and improves understanding

Even with concerns, scientific knowledge helps us understand human behavior more accurately and responsibly.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following best summarizes the primary goals of behavioral genetics?

A) To prove that all personality traits are inherited from parents
B) To identify which specific genes cause personality traits
C) To determine how much of individual differences are due to genes versus environment, how they interact, and where environmental influences occur
D) To show that the environment plays no role in shaping personality

C) To determine how much of individual differences are due to genes versus environment, how they interact, and where environmental influences occur

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about heritability is TRUE?

A) Heritability tells us how much of an individual’s personality is caused by their genes
B) Heritability is a fixed and precise percentage that applies universally
C) Heritability estimates the proportion of trait variation in a group that is due to genetic differences
D) Heritability means a trait cannot be changed by the environment

C) Heritability estimates the proportion of trait variation in a group that is due to genetic differences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following best explains why heritability cannot be applied to an individual?

A) Because it measures individual genes only
B) Because it only applies to physical traits
C) Because heritability is a population-level statistic that describes variation among individuals
D) Because individuals have no genetic variation

C) Because heritability is a population-level statistic that describes variation among individuals

Heritability estimates how much of the variation in a trait across a population can be explained by genetic differences. It doesn’t tell us how much of one person’s trait is due to genes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding heritability?

A) Heritability estimates can change depending on the environment
B) High heritability means the environment has little to no effect
C) Heritability is not a fixed number across all populations
D) Heritability does not imply immutability of a trait

B) High heritability means the environment has little to no effect

Even if a trait has high heritability (like height), it can still be influenced by environmental factors (like nutrition). So heritability ≠ destiny.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is heritability not considered a precise statistic?

A) Because it changes every year
B) Because the methods used to estimate it often involve assumptions and have margins of error
C) Because genes randomly stop working
D) Because it only applies to animals, not humans

B) Because the methods used to estimate it often involve assumptions and have margins of error

Heritability estimates are approximations based on statistical models, such as twin or adoption studies. These models rely on assumptions that may not hold in all populations, making the number imprecise.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the heritability of a personality trait is 0.60, what does that mean?

A) 60% of a person’s personality comes from their genes
B) 60% of people have the same personality trait
C) 60% of the variation in personality across the population can be attributed to genetic differences
D) 60% of personality traits are changeable

C) 60% of the variation in personality across the population can be attributed to genetic differences

A heritability of 0.60 means 60% of the variation in that trait across a specific population at a given time is linked to genetic variation, not that 60% of a single person’s trait is genetic.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the term environmentality refer to in behavioral genetics?

A) The influence of genetic inheritance on the environment
B) The proportion of an individual’s personality explained by their environment
C) The proportion of observed trait variation in a population due to environmental differences
D) The total effect of upbringing on identical twins

C) The proportion of observed trait variation in a population due to environmental differences

Environmentality is the counterpart to heritability. It refers to how much of the variation in a trait among individuals in a group is due to environmental differences—not genetics.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the nature versus nurture debate, what does “nurture” refer to?

A) Genetic predispositions
B) The way organisms evolve
C) Environmental factors influencing development and behavior
D) The biological inheritance of personality traits

C) Environmental factors influencing development and behavior

“Nurture” refers to environmental factors—like upbringing, culture, and life experiences—that shape behavior and personality.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the influence of genes and environment in behavioral genetics?

A) Genes and environment influence individual traits equally in all people
B) The discussion of genetic vs. environmental influence is only meaningful when looking at group-level variation, not individuals
C) Genes are more important than the environment in all cases
D) Environment only matters when genetic heritability is low

B) The discussion of genetic vs. environmental influence is only meaningful when looking at group-level variation, not individuals

Heritability and environmentality describe variation within groups, not causes in individuals. You can’t say one person’s trait is “40% environmental”—these statistics apply at the population level.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If a study finds that environmentality for a trait is 0.70, what does this suggest?

A) The trait is caused entirely by genes
B) 70% of individuals possess the same environment
C) 70% of the variance in the trait across the population is due to environmental differences
D) The trait cannot be influenced by genetic factors

C) 70% of the variance in the trait across the population is due to environmental differences

An environmentality of 0.70 means 70% of the observed differences in the trait (across people) are attributed to environmental variation, not that the trait is 70% caused by environment in any single person.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main assumption behind using family studies to estimate heritability?

A) That all family members have identical genes
B) That more genetically related family members should be more similar on traits if those traits are heritable
C) That family members always share the same environment
D) That environment is the only factor influencing personality in families

B) That more genetically related family members should be more similar on traits if those traits are heritable

Family studies operate on the assumption that if a trait is genetically influenced, then individuals who are more closely related (e.g., siblings, parents and children) will be more similar on that trait.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is it difficult to separate genetic and environmental influences in family studies?

A) Because genetic data is often missing
B) Because all family members are tested at the same time
C) Because family members who are genetically similar also usually share the same environment
D) Because family traits are unpredictable

C) Because family members who are genetically similar also usually share the same environment

In family studies, genetic relatedness is confounded with shared environment — family members tend to grow up in the same setting, making it hard to determine how much similarity is due to genes vs environment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is a limitation of family studies in estimating heritability?

A) They can’t be used for psychological traits
B) They ignore biological relationships
C) They can’t distinguish between shared genetic and shared environmental influences
D) They rely on data from unrelated individuals

C) They can’t distinguish between shared genetic and shared environmental influences

A key limitation is that shared genes and shared environment go hand in hand in families — so family resemblance might be due to either, or both.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to family studies, which pair is likely to show the greatest similarity on a highly heritable trait? A) Cousins B) Adoptive siblings C) Identical twins D) Parent and stepchild

C) Identical twins Identical twins share 100% of their genes, so if a trait is highly heritable, they should be most similar compared to other family members.

What is the main method used in twin studies to estimate heritability? A) Comparing family income between twins B) Measuring brain size differences in twins C) Comparing similarity on traits between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins D) Looking at how twins respond to therapy

C) Comparing similarity on traits between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins Twin studies estimate heritability by comparing MZ twins (who share 100% of their genes) with DZ twins (who share about 50%). If MZ twins are significantly more similar on a trait than DZ twins, this suggests genetic influence.

What is the equal environments assumption in twin studies? A) That all twins have identical genes B) That fraternal twins are treated more equally than identical twins C) That identical and fraternal twins share environments to the same degree D) That twins always grow up in different homes

C) That identical and fraternal twins share environments to the same degree The equal environments assumption states that any greater similarity between identical (MZ) twins vs. fraternal (DZ) twins is due to genes, not because they were treated more similarly.

Why is greater similarity between MZ twins than DZ twins taken as evidence for heritability? A) Because DZ twins are usually raised apart B) Because it suggests that the extra genetic similarity in MZ twins accounts for the increased similarity in traits C) Because MZ twins always share the exact same environment D) Because MZ twins tend to imitate each other more

B) Because it suggests that the extra genetic similarity in MZ twins accounts for the increased similarity in traits If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins for a trait, and both grew up in similar environments, the extra similarity is attributed to genetic factors.

Which of the following is an important assumption of the twin study method? A) That all twins are raised in completely different environments B) That MZ twins receive more parental attention than DZ twins C) That both MZ and DZ twins experience equally similar environments D) That MZ twins always live together as adults

C) That both MZ and DZ twins experience equally similar environments One core assumption is the equal environments assumption: that MZ and DZ twins share their environments to the same degree. If MZ twins are treated more similarly, this could falsely inflate estimates of heritability

What does the “representativeness assumption” in twin studies refer to? A) That MZ twins always represent a control group B) That findings from twins can be generalized to the wider population C) That all twins should live in the same household D) That twins are not influenced by environmental factors

B) That findings from twins can be generalized to the wider population Twin studies assume that twins are representative of the general population in terms of behavior and traits. If twins are very different from non-twins, the findings might not generalize.

In adoption studies, what is taken as evidence for a genetic influence on a trait? A) A strong similarity between adopted children and their adoptive parents B) A strong similarity between adopted children and their biological parents C) A trait appearing only after adoption D) Identical environments between biological and adoptive families

B) A strong similarity between adopted children and their biological parents A positive correlation between adopted children and their biological parents—despite not sharing an environment—suggests a genetic influence on the trait.

What is one major advantage of adoption studies over traditional twin studies? A) They use a larger sample size B) They can perfectly measure environment C) They avoid the assumption that genetically similar people share similar environments D) They only study physical traits

C) They avoid the assumption that genetically similar people share similar environments Adoption studies help bypass the “equal environments assumption” of twin studies by separating genetic relatedness (biological parents) from the shared environment (adoptive parents).

What does a strong similarity between adopted children and their adoptive parents suggest? A) The trait is primarily inherited B) The trait is affected mostly by genetics C) The trait is influenced by shared environmental factors D) The study is invalid

C) The trait is influenced by shared If adopted children resemble their adoptive parents (who share no genes with them), it indicates environmental influence—since the similarity must come from shared environment, not genetics.

What is the concern with selective placement in adoption studies? A) Children are placed in homes based only on income B) It can increase similarity between adopted children and adoptive parents due to matching C) It guarantees genetic similarity between adopted children and adoptive parents D) It prevents researchers from studying adopted children

B) It can increase similarity between adopted children and adoptive parents due to matching Selective placement could make it look like environmental influence is stronger than it really is, but in practice, this hasn’t been a major issue in most studies.

Why is studying twins reared apart considered a powerful behavioral genetic design? A) It allows researchers to observe how siblings interact in the same environment B) It focuses only on environmental factors without any genetic influence C) It combines the strengths of both twin and adoption studies D) It eliminates the need for any genetic comparisons

C) It combines the strengths of both twin and adoption studies Twins reared apart share genetics but not environment, allowing researchers to examine genetic influence with minimal environmental overlap—making it one of the strongest designs in behavioral genetics.

What is the “representative assumption” problem in adoption studies, and how is it addressed? A) That adopted children are less intelligent than others; addressed by random assignment B) That children are often adopted into genetically similar families; addressed by twin studies with control groups C) That adopted children are often placed into similar families; addressed by studying twins raised apart D) That adopted children don't adapt well to families; addressed by focusing on only one child per family

C) That adopted children are often placed into similar families; addressed by studying twins raised apart Adoption agencies may place children in families similar in culture, ethnicity, or SES to their biological families. This selective placement weakens the separation of genes and environment. Studying twins raised apart helps solve this by comparing genetically identical individuals raised in completely separate environments.

Which of the following attitudes or traits shows the least evidence of heritability based on behavioral genetic findings? A) Traditionalism B) Belief in God C) Perseverance/Grit D) Sensation-seeking

B) Belief in God Studies show that belief in God is not strongly heritable. It's more heavily influenced by cultural, familial, and environmental factors, unlike traits like traditionalism or perseverance, which show some heritable components.

What does research suggest about the heritability of perseverance or grit? A) It is entirely environmental B) It shows no genetic influence C) It has some heritability, but also environmental components D) It is more heritable than extraversion

C) It has some heritability, but also environmental components Perseverance (or grit) has been found to be partly heritable, meaning genetics play a role, but environmental influences also contribute.

Drinking and smoking behaviors are thought to be linked to which types of personality traits? A) Agreeableness and openness B) Sensation seeking, extraversion, and neuroticism C) Introversion and conscientiousness D) Altruism and empathy

B) Sensation seeking, extraversion, and neuroticism Behaviors like drinking and smoking are often associated with sensation-seeking, high extraversion, and high neuroticism—traits which themselves have genetic and environmental influences.

What has research found about the role of shared environment in shaping personality? A) It has a large and consistent influence B) It explains most differences between siblings C) It plays a surprisingly small role in adult personality D) It is the main reason for similarities between twins

C) It plays a surprisingly small role in adult personality Shared environments (like same house, same parents) don’t account for much of the variation in adult personality. In contrast, non-shared environments seem to matter more.

Which of the following is an example of a non-shared environmental factor? A) Family rules about screen time B) The number of books in the home C) A child’s unique group of friends D) Dinner routines shared with siblings

C) A child’s unique group of friends Non-shared environment refers to experiences unique to each sibling, such as different peer groups, teachers, or activities. These are believed to have greater impact on personality than shared environmental factors.

What is meant by genotype-environment interaction? A) Genetic and environmental influences are always equal B) People with different genotypes respond differently to the same environment C) The environment changes a person’s genotype D) Everyone responds to the environment in the same way

B) People with different genotypes respond differently to the same environment Genotype-environment interaction occurs when the effect of the environment depends on a person’s genetic makeup. For example, a stressful event may trigger anxiety in one person but not another, depending on their genotype.

Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation? A) A child chooses to join a book club due to a natural love of reading B) A child is cuddled more by parents because of their calm temperament C) Parents who are highly verbal provide both genes and a book-filled home environment to their child D) A teenager moves to a different country to pursue independence

C) Parents who are highly verbal provide both genes and a book-filled home environment to their child In passive correlation, the child does not actively shape their environment—they receive both genes and environment from parents, without doing anything to obtain it.

Which of the following best illustrates a reactive (evocative) genotype-environment correlation? A) A child is born with a high IQ and chooses advanced classes in school B) Parents place their shy child in social skill classes C) A parent gives more affection to one child because the child smiles and coos more D) A child inherits musical talent and grows up in a musical family

C) A parent gives more affection to one child because the child smiles and coos more In reactive (or evocative) correlation, a child’s genetically influenced traits evoke specific responses from the environment—like receiving more cuddling due to being more affectionate.

Which of the following best represents an active genotype-environment correlation? A) A child grows up in a musical home because their parents are musicians B) A child’s outgoing personality leads them to choose to join drama club C) A child’s teacher assigns them extra work D) Parents take their child to libraries regularly

B) A child’s outgoing personality leads them to choose to join drama club In active correlation, individuals actively seek out environments that fit their genetic tendencies—like an extrovert choosing social activities.

Which scenario illustrates a genotype-environment interaction, not just a correlation? A) Two children, one with a genetic vulnerability to depression and one without, both experience bullying—only one develops depression B) A child seeks out a quiet space to read C) Parents provide books because they are educated D) A child’s intelligence evokes praise from teachers

A) Two children, one with a genetic vulnerability to depression and one without, both experience bullying—only one develops depression That’s a classic example of genotype-environment interaction: same environment, different genetic response.

Physiological Theories

According to Galen’s theory, which humor was believed to cause a person to be cheerful, outgoing, and sociable? A) Phlegm B) Yellow bile C) Black bile D) Blood

D) Blood In Galen's theory, an abundance of blood results in a sanguine temperament—someone who is lively, sociable, and optimistic

Which temperament did Galen believe resulted from an excess of yellow bile, and what traits were associated with it? A) Phlegmatic – calm and thoughtful B) Sanguine – outgoing and lively C) Choleric – aggressive and excitable D) Melancholic – sad and withdrawn

C) Choleric – aggressive and excitable Galen believed that too much yellow bile made a person choleric, meaning they were unstable, aggressive, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Which of the following best describes someone with a melancholic temperament, according to Galen? A) Energetic and sociable B) Calm and peaceful C) Anxious, pessimistic, and sombre D) Irritable and impatient

C) Anxious, pessimistic, and sombre The melancholic temperament comes from an excess of black bile and is linked to sadness, introspection, and pessimism.

Which bodily fluid was believed to lead to a phlegmatic temperament, and how would this person behave? A) Blood – energetic and cheerful B) Yellow bile – quick-tempered and aggressive C) Phlegm – calm, thoughtful, and passive D) Black bile – gloomy and introverted

C) Phlegm – calm, thoughtful, and passive People with a phlegmatic temperament were thought to have too much phlegm, making them relaxed, non-reactive, and often quiet.

Which of Galen's temperaments would likely describe someone who is very enthusiastic, cheerful, and sociable? A) Melancholic B) Choleric C) Sanguine D) Phlegmatic

C) Sanguine The sanguine temperament, linked to an abundance of blood, describes people who are joyful, outgoing, and lively.

How did Galen's theory of temperament link physical health to personality? A) By associating birth order with personality traits B) By relating internal fluids (humors) to emotional characteristics C) By examining brain structure through dissection D) By studying genetic inheritance from parent to child

B) By relating internal fluids (humors) to emotional characteristics Galen extended Hippocrates' theory that personality and health were governed by the balance of bodily fluids, or humors.

Which of the following is a brain imaging technique that can be used to measure brain activity during tasks or rest? A) Saliva hormone analysis B) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) C) Electrocardiogram (ECG) D) Skin temperature

B) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) While MRI is often used for brain structure, functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Other tools include EEG (electrical activity) and PET scans (metabolic activity).

Which physiological measure reflects the activity of the sweat glands and is often used to assess emotional arousal or stress? A) Cardiovascular activity B) Electroencephalography (EEG) C) Electrodermal activity (EDA) D) Blood glucose levels

C) Electrodermal activity (EDA) Electrodermal activity, also called skin conductance, measures changes in sweat gland activity, which are linked to emotional arousal and the sympathetic nervous system. It's commonly used in studies of anxiety, attention, and emotional reactivity.

Which of the following best describes the central idea behind Eysenck’s theory of personality? A) Personality is shaped only by early childhood experiences B) Personality traits are influenced by inherited biological systems that affect brain arousal C) Personality is determined entirely by environmental conditioning D) All personality differences are due to intelligence levels

B) Personality traits are influenced by inherited biological systems that affect brain arousal Eysenck’s theory is rooted in biological foundations, proposing that personality dimensions like Extraversion and Introversion are linked to how reactive a person’s nervous system is, especially in terms of brain arousal. He believed that genetic differences in brain systems help explain why people behave differently.

Which of the following best defines the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)? A) A hormone that controls mood swings B) A brain structure responsible for emotional memory C) A network in the brainstem that regulates cortical arousal, wakefulness, and attention by sending signals to the cerebral cortex D) A system in the spinal cord that controls muscle reflexes

C) A network in the brainstem that regulates cortical arousal, wakefulness, and attention by sending signals to the cerebral cortex The ARAS is central to Eysenck’s theory of personality. It determines how aroused the brain is at rest.

In Eysenck’s theory, what does the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) regulate? A) Emotional stability and anxiety B) Hormone levels during puberty C) The level of cortical arousal or alertness in the brain D) Reflex movements in the spinal cord

C) The level of cortical arousal or alertness in the brain

According to Eysenck’s theory, why do extraverts seek out stimulating environments (e.g., parties, excitement)? A) They have higher anxiety levels B) They are less intelligent C) They have lower baseline cortical arousal and seek stimulation to feel optimally alert D) They are more socially obligated

C) They have lower baseline cortical arousal and seek stimulation to feel optimally alert Extraverts have lower natural cortical arousal via the ARAS and therefore seek more stimulation to raise it to an optimal level.

What is the ultimate goal of behavior, according to Eysenck’s theory of arousal regulation? A) To reduce social interaction B) To increase intelligence C) To maintain optimal arousal in the ARAS D) To suppress emotion

C) To maintain optimal arousal in the ARAS Eysenck theorized that both introverts and extraverts adjust their behavior to reach an optimal level of arousal in the ARAS—not too much, not too little.

Why might an introvert find a noisy environment overwhelming, according to Eysenck? A) They dislike people B) They have higher baseline arousal and are more sensitive to external stimulation C) They are more depressed D) They lack motivation

B) They have higher baseline arousal and are more sensitive to external stimulation Introverts have a higher resting level of cortical arousal and are more sensitive to stimulation, making them more easily overstimulated.

Which of the following best summarizes the core idea of Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory? A) Personality is shaped only by genetics and learning styles B) Personality is the result of unconscious desires and early childhood conflicts C) Personality differences are due to individual sensitivities to reward and punishment, regulated by the BAS and BIS D) Personality traits are fixed and unchangeable across the lifespan

C) Personality differences are due to individual sensitivities to reward and punishment, regulated by the BAS and BIS Gray’s theory focuses on how people differ in their biological sensitivity to signals of reward and punishment.

Which of the following best describes the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)? A) A system that helps regulate sleep and biological rhythms B) A brain system that is responsive to punishment and promotes avoidance C) A system that is responsive to rewards and regulates approach behavior D) A system that monitors emotional stability

C) A system that is responsive to rewards and regulates approach behavior

Which of the following best describes the function of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)? A) It is triggered by punishment cues and leads to avoidance behavior B) It processes emotional memories and social norms C) It is activated by rewards or incentives and encourages approach behavior; high BAS activity is linked to impulsivity D) It regulates stress hormones in response to danger

C) It is activated by rewards or incentives and encourages approach behavior; high BAS activity is linked to impulsivity

Which scenario best illustrates activation of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)? A) Jordan avoids speaking in class because they’re afraid of making a mistake B) Casey becomes anxious while waiting for exam results C) Riley volunteers to give a presentation, excited by the chance to impress their classmates and get praise D) Taylor freezes up when they hear unexpected loud noises

C) Riley volunteers to give a presentation, excited by the chance to impress their classmates and get praise This is a classic example of BAS activation: Riley is motivated by positive reinforcement (praise) and approaches the opportunity. BAS is about moving toward rewards, and when highly active, it can be linked to goal-seeking and impulsivity.

Which of the following is most likely associated with a highly active Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)? A) Impulsivity and risk-taking B) High levels of curiosity and exploration C) Anxiety and sensitivity to punishment or uncertainty D) Indifference to reward and punishment

C) Anxiety and sensitivity to punishment or uncertainty

Which scenario best illustrates activation of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)? A) Alex signs up for a talent show, hoping to win a prize and get attention B) Jamie eagerly volunteers to lead a team project at work C) Sam hesitates to speak up in a meeting because they’re afraid of being criticized D) Taylor spends the weekend exploring a new city alone for fun

C) Sam hesitates to speak up in a meeting because they’re afraid of being criticized This example shows BIS activation: Sam is reacting to a cue of potential punishment or social disapproval. The BIS encourages inhibition and avoidance, especially in situations involving uncertainty, frustration, or threat. People with a highly active BIS tend to be more cautious or anxious.

What characterizes individuals high in sensation seeking, according to personality research? A) They are easily overstimulated and prefer calm, low-risk environments B) They avoid new experiences and prefer routine C) They seek out thrilling and risky experiences because they need higher levels of stimulation to reach optimal arousal D) They show high levels of anxiety in unfamiliar situations

C) They seek out thrilling and risky experiences because they need higher levels of stimulation to reach optimal arousal

Which scenario best illustrates the behavior of a high sensation seeker? A) Olivia avoids roller coasters and prefers quiet weekends at home reading B) Liam signs up for a skydiving course and regularly travels to unfamiliar countries for the thrill C) Ava prefers structured routines and becomes anxious in unpredictable environments D) Noah chooses to stay in familiar social circles and dislikes loud parties

B) Liam signs up for a skydiving course and regularly travels to unfamiliar countries for the thrill

Which of the following best matches Cloninger’s three temperament traits with the neurotransmitter levels they are associated with? A) Novelty Seeking – low serotonin; Harm Avoidance – low dopamine; Reward Dependence – low acetylcholine B) Novelty Seeking – low dopamine; Harm Avoidance – low serotonin; Reward Dependence – low norepinephrine C) Novelty Seeking – low norepinephrine; Harm Avoidance – low serotonin; Reward Dependence – low dopamine D) Novelty Seeking – low dopamine; Harm Avoidance – low norepinephrine; Reward Dependence – low serotonin

B) Novelty Seeking – low dopamine; Harm Avoidance – low serotonin; Reward Dependence – low norepinephrine

Which of the following correctly matches each neurotransmitter with its primary psychological function? A) Dopamine – anxiety; Serotonin – reward; Norepinephrine – sleep regulation B) Dopamine – pleasure; Serotonin – mood and depression; Norepinephrine – arousal and fight-or-flight response C) Dopamine – memory; Serotonin – vision; Norepinephrine – digestion D) Dopamine – calmness; Serotonin – aggression; Norepinephrine – hunger

B) Dopamine – pleasure; Serotonin – mood and depression; Norepinephrine – arousal and fight-or-flight response

Which of the following individuals best illustrates high Novelty Seeking according to Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality Model? A) Emily avoids unfamiliar situations, often worries about potential dangers, and prefers to stick to routines B) Marcus thrives on excitement, frequently changes hobbies, loves spontaneous travel, and gets bored easily C) Sarah values approval from others, works hard to maintain relationships, and dislikes being alone D) James is calm under pressure, dislikes taking risks, and shows little emotional reaction to rewards or punishments

B) Marcus thrives on excitement, frequently changes hobbies, loves spontaneous travel, and gets bored easily

Which of the following best describes the two main ways physiological variables are used in personality research? A) They are only used to diagnose mental illnesses, not study personality B) They explain why different personality theories exist C) They can either correlate with personality traits or serve as a biological basis (cause) of those traits D) They are used to measure how personality changes over time

C) They can either correlate with personality traits or serve as a biological basis (cause) of those traits

Which of the following best reflects using a physiological variable as a causal explanation for personality? A) Measuring skin conductance in people with high neuroticism to see if they respond more to stress B) Asking participants to describe their typical reactions to fear C) Using a personality questionnaire to classify people into types D) Comparing opinions between introverts and extraverts on social media use

A) Measuring skin conductance in people with high neuroticism to see if they respond more to stress This example uses a physiological measure (skin conductance) to investigate a potential biological basis for a personality trait (neuroticism), helping determine whether biological reactivity contributes causally to emotional sensitivity.

What does “percentage of variance” refer to in behavioral genetics? A) How much DNA differs between species B) The proportion of traits that are inherited across generations C) The degree to which individual differences can be explained by genetic and environmental factors D) The total number of genes shared by siblings

C) The degree to which individual differences can be explained by genetic and environmental factors In behavioral genetics, percentage of variance refers to how much of the variation in a trait across individuals is due to genetic vs. environmental influences.

What does phenotypic variance refer to? A) Differences in genes between species B) Observable differences among individuals, like personality or height C) Variance in parenting styles D) Fluctuations in gene expression over time

B) Observable differences among individuals, like personality or height Phenotypic variance = Observable differences (what you can see), which result from genes + environment

Which of the following is an example of phenotypic variance? A) Different genotypes in a population B) The same traits appearing in identical twins C) People differing in levels of extraversion or weight D) Mutations in a specific gene

C) People differing in levels of extraversion or weight

What does genotypic variance refer to in behavioral genetics? A) Environmental variation in behavior B) Random differences in upbringing C) Differences in the genetic makeup of individuals D) Observed personality traits

C) Differences in the genetic makeup of individuals Genotypic variance = Genetic differences only (what’s in the DNA), regardless of whether they’re visible yet

Which best illustrates genotypic variance? A) Identical twins showing different hobbies B) Two people with different gene combinations influencing height C) Variation in schooling across siblings D) Siblings having similar hair color

B) Two people with different gene combinations influencing height

What does the human genome refer to? A) The brain's electrical activity B) The complete set of genes an organism possesses C) All environmental factors affecting behavior D) Observable physical traits only

B) The complete set of genes an organism possesses

What is the primary focus of behavioral genetics? A) To manipulate genetic traits B) To study environmental effects only C) To determine how genetic and environmental differences cause personality differences D) To treat personality disorders

C) To determine how genetic and environmental differences cause personality differences

What is heritability? A) Observed trait variation across time B) Proportion of phenotypic variance due to genotypic variance C) How much of your personality you inherit D) Percent of traits caused by environment

B) Proportion of phenotypic variance due to genotypic variance

What is phenotypic variance? A) Differences in brain scans B) Genetic mutations C) Observed individual differences in traits D) Changes due to upbringing only

C) Observed individual differences in traits

What is genotypic variance? A) Environmental effects on learning B) Differences in the total collection of genes individuals possess C) Height differences among twins D) The same as phenotypic variance

B) Differences in the total collection of genes individuals possess

What does a heritability estimate of 0.50 mean? A) 50% of the trait is determined by environment B) The individual inherited half the trait C) 50% of the observed variance is due to genetic differences D) Half the population will have the trait

C) 50% of the observed variance is due to genetic differences

What is the term for the percentage of variance in a trait that is due to environmental differences? A) Environmentalism B) Shared variation C) Environmentality D) Behavioral ecology

C) Environmentality

Which of the following is a misconception about heritability? A) It applies only to populations B) It can change across time and environment C) It is a fixed and precise number D) It reflects both genetic and environmental contributions

C) It is a fixed and precise number

What does the nature–nurture debate aim to understand? A) If parenting matters more than school B) Whether genes or the environment are more influential in shaping traits C) Whether people are born with traits D) Whether experiences create disorders

B) Whether genes or the environment are more influential in shaping traits

In the nature–nurture debate, what is true at the individual level? A) Genes can be isolated from the environment B) Only environment matters C) Genes and environment are inseparable, like flour and eggs in a cake D) Heritability can be precisely measured for each person

C) Genes and environment are inseparable, like flour and eggs in a cake

What is selective breeding used to demonstrate? A) Cultural evolution B) How personality is shaped by parenting C) That certain traits can be inherited through controlled mating D) That all traits are environmentally determined

C) That certain traits can be inherited through controlled mating

What do family studies typically examine in behavioral genetics? A) Whether siblings go to the same school B) Similarity between family members based on genetic relatedness C) How families pass on traditions D) Differences in intelligence between parents and children

B) Similarity between family members based on genetic relatedness

In twin studies, if identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins, this suggests: A) The trait is caused by parenting B) The trait is likely genetic C) The trait is due to school environment D) Twin studies are flawed

B) The trait is likely genetic

What does the equal environments assumption in twin studies suggest? A) Fraternal twins have stronger bonds than identical twins B) All twins are treated the same by society C) Identical and fraternal twins share environments to the same degree D) The environment doesn’t matter

C) Identical and fraternal twins share environments to the same degree

What is the main value of adoption studies in behavioral genetics? A) They determine if children inherit wealth B) They isolate cultural factors C) They help separate genetic from environmental influences D) They compare school performance in adopted vs. non-adopted children

C) They help separate genetic from environmental influences

What does selective placement refer to in adoption studies? A) Adoptees being placed randomly into families B) Adoptees being matched with genetically similar siblings C) Adoptees being placed into homes similar to their biological families D) Adoptive parents selecting their child based on appearance

C) Adoptees being placed into homes similar to their biological families

What is one major finding from twin studies on personality traits like Extraversion and Neuroticism? A) They are not influenced by genetics B) They are determined entirely by childhood experiences C) They are about 50% heritable D) They cannot be measured

C) They are about 50% heritable

What does low correlation between adopted children and their adoptive parents suggest? A) Parenting strongly shapes personality B) Environment has the greatest influence C) Genetic factors may be more influential than shared environment D) Adoption studies are not reliable

C) Genetic factors may be more influential than shared environment

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental factor? A) Different hobbies B) Having the same bedroom setup C) Different friend groups D) Personal interpretation of family life

B) Having the same bedroom setup

Which of the following is an example of a nonshared environmental influence? A) Parents’ rules about bedtime B) Number of books in the home C) Having different friends at school D) Sharing the same teachers

C) Having different friends at school

What is genotype–environment interaction? A) Environment changes DNA structure B) Genes determine environment C) Individuals with different genotypes respond differently to the same environment D) Identical twins sharing the same environment

C) Individuals with different genotypes respond differently to

Which example best illustrates passive genotype–environment correlation? A) A child chooses to play the piano B) A child’s talkative parents pass on verbal skills and provide lots of books C) A child rejects parental traditions D) A teacher modifies lesson plans for each student

B) A child’s talkative parents pass on verbal skills and provide lots of books

What is reactive genotype–environment correlation? A) When children choose the environments they prefer B) When parents respond differently to each child based on their traits C) When siblings have identical experiences D) When environments are assigned randomly

B) When parents respond differently to each child based on their traits

What is an example of active genotype–environment correlation? A) A child ignores their environment B) A child passively accepts their parents’ interests C) A sensation-seeking child joins a skydiving club D) A teacher assigns the same task to all students

C) A sensation-seeking child joins a skydiving club

What does a positive genotype–environment correlation mean? A) The environment discourages the expression of a genetic trait B) There is no link between genes and the environment C) The environment supports and strengthens genetic tendencies D) Genes are suppressed by random events

C) The environment supports and strengthens genetic tendencies

What is the DRD4 gene most commonly associated with? A) Depression B) Intelligence C) Novelty seeking D) Agreeableness

C) Novelty seeking

What is the main goal of molecular genetics in personality research? A) To create genetic copies of personality traits B) To identify specific genes associated with personality characteristics C) To remove genes linked with mental illness D) To measure hormone levels in the blood

B) To identify specific genes associated with personality characteristics

Why do individuals with the long version of the DRD4 gene tend to seek out novelty? A) They are sensitive to dopamine B) They are unresponsive to dopamine and need more stimulation C) They produce more serotonin D) They are introverted by nature

B) They are unresponsive to dopamine and need more stimulation

What does mediation refer to in behavioral genetics? A) The effect of one variable on another occurs through a third variable B) One gene cancels out another gene C) One twin mediates the behavior of the other D) Genetic effects are blocked by environmental noise

A) The effect of one variable on another occurs through a third variable

What method do molecular geneticists often use to link genes to traits? A) Twin comparison method B) Environmental sampling C) Association method D) Adoption linkage

C) Association method

What does moderation refer to in behavioral genetics? A) A third variable that explains how two other variables are related B) A variable that alters the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables C) A trait passed down genetically D) A method for averaging environmental effects

B) A variable that alters the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables

Which of the following best illustrates a moderating effect? A) Intelligence is linked to better school performance through better memory B) The effect of parental discipline on aggression changes depending on the child’s temperament C) Warm parenting increases confidence D) People with higher IQs tend to study more

B) The effect of parental discipline on aggression changes depending on the child’s temperament

What does the physiological approach to personality assume? A) Personality is shaped only by genetics B) Physiological traits relate to psychological traits and behavior C) Only environment affects personality D) Brain size is the sole cause of behavior

B) Physiological traits relate to psychological traits and behavior

Which of the following is a common physiological measure in personality research? A) Brain size measurement B) Skinfold thickness C) Electrodermal activity (skin conductance) D) Hair follicle analysis

C) Electrodermal activity (skin conductance)

Electrodermal activity (EDA) measures activity from which system? A) Central nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system C) Parasympathetic nervous system D) Digestive system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

A person with high skin conductance is likely to have: A) Low emotional reactivity B) Chronic sympathetic nervous system activation C) No physiological reaction D) Increased immune function

B) Chronic sympathetic nervous system activation

What is cardiac reactivity? A) Sudden decrease in heart rate B) Increase in cardiovascular response to stress C) A hormone in the bloodstream D) A measurement of resting blood pressure

B) Increase in cardiovascular response to stress

Which personality pattern is cardiac reactivity associated with? A) Type A personality B) Introversion C) Neuroticism D) Openness to experience

A) Type A personality

What does an EEG measure? A) Electrical activity in the heart B) Blood flow to the muscles C) Electrical activity in the brain D) Brain temperature

C) Electrical activity in the brain

In evoked potential technique, what is measured? A) Brain’s response to a stimulus B) Skin temperature C) Blood pressure changes D) Muscle tension

A) Brain’s response to a stimulus

What does the ARAS regulate, according to Eysenck? A) Body temperature B) Sympathetic nervous system C) Cortical arousal D) Heart rate

C) Cortical arousal

The Behavioral Activation System (BAS) is sensitive to: A) Punishment B) Reward cues and approach behavior C) Boredom D) Social disapproval

B) Reward cues and approach behavior

Introverts, compared to extraverts, are more: A) Energetic B) Cortically underaroused C) Reactive to moderate stimulation D) Outgoing in social settings

C) Reactive to moderate stimulation

A reactive Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is associated with: A) High dopamine levels B) Anxiety and withdrawal from punishment C) Impulsivity and risk-taking D) Increased energy and sociability

B) Anxiety and withdrawal from punishment

What personality trait is linked with a highly reactive BAS? A) Conscientiousness B) Impulsivity C) Introversion D) Neuroticism

B) Impulsivity

Sensation seeking is characterized by a tendency to: A) Avoid new experiences B) Prefer quiet, predictable environments C) Seek out exciting and risky activities D) Display increased social conformity

C) Seek out exciting and risky activities

According to Hebb’s theory, what do people strive for in terms of arousal? A) No stimulation at all B) A level of arousal just above baseline C) A constant high arousal state D) An optimal level of arousal

D) An optimal level of arousal

What did Zuckerman find about high sensation seekers and sensory deprivation? A) They found it relaxing B) They tolerated it well C) They found it unpleasant and difficult to endure D) They slept through it

C) They found it unpleasant and difficult to endure

High sensation seekers tend to have: A) Low levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO) B) High serotonin levels C) High levels of MAO D) Low dopamine sensitivity

A) Low levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO)

What is the function of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? A) Stimulates heart rate B) Regulates immune system C) Breaks down neurotransmitters in the brain D) Produces cortisol

C) Breaks down neurotransmitters in the brain

In Cloninger’s tridimensional personality model, what is novelty seeking associated with? A) High serotonin B) Low dopamine C) Low norepinephrine D) High MAO

B) Low dopamine

Low serotonin levels are most closely linked with: A) Feelings of pleasure B) Irritability and mood disorders C) Dopamine surges D) Emotional stability

B) Irritability and mood disorders

Too little MAO in the nervous system results in: A) Reduced neurotransmission B) Overactive neurotransmitter levels and less behavioral control C) Decreased physical coordination D) Reduced brain size

B) Overactive neurotransmitter levels and less behavioral control

According to Cloninger, harm avoidance is linked to abnormalities in which neurotransmitter? A) Serotonin B) Dopamine C) Norepinephrine D) Acetylcholine

A) Serotonin

People with shorter biological rhythms tend to be: A) Evening types B) Night owls C) Morning types D) Sleep-deprived

C) Morning types

Reward dependence is associated with low levels of: A) Serotonin B) Dopamine C) Norepinephrine D) MAO

C) Norepinephrine

The difference between morning and evening people is based on: A) Brain hemisphere dominance B) Biological rhythms or circadian cycles C) Levels of serotonin D) Brain size

B) Biological rhythms or circadian cycles

Who adjusts better to shifts in sleep-wake schedules (e.g., jet lag)? A) Morning types B) Evening types C) Children D) People with short rhythms

B) Evening types

Left frontal brain activity is typically associated with: A) Unpleasant emotions B) Impulse control C) Pleasant emotions D) Fatigue and sleepiness

C) Pleasant emotions

Right frontal activation is associated with: A) Joy and reward-seeking B) Pleasant emotional processing C) Unpleasant emotions and negative responses D) Dopamine release

C) Unpleasant emotions and negative responses

People with stronger right-frontal activation may: A) Be more resistant to negative emotions B) Require more stimulation to feel joy C) Have a lower threshold for experiencing negative emotions D) Exhibit increased physical stamina

C) Have a lower threshold for experiencing negative emotions

What does personality neuroscience suggest about brain function and personality? A) Personality has no biological basis B) Brain activity patterns are unrelated to traits C) Personality is linked to brain responses to emotional stimuli D) Personality can only be measured through genetics

C) Personality is linked to brain responses to emotional stimuli