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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIO > week 3 - female reproductive organs > Flashcards

week 3 - female reproductive organs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an ovipositor?

A

tube used for laying eggs, but can be more complex than that, in some parasitioid wasps they also contain venom

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2
Q

do only invertebrates have ovipositors?

A

there are some vertebrates that have ovipositors such as japanese bitterling fish where it is inserted into a mussel or the syngnathidae family of sea horses and pipe fish where it is used to insert into the male brood piuch

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3
Q

The main body of the female reproductive anatomy is the ___

A

uterus (corpus body – fundus outside)

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4
Q

from the uterus is the oviduct which has 2 parts known as the?

A

Isthmus and Ampulla

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5
Q

the sperm is capacitated in which part of the female reproductive system?

A

isthmus

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6
Q

fertilisation of the oocyte takes place in which part of the female reproductive system?

A

ampulla

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7
Q

what are the 2 different layers of the uterus?

A

endometrium - inner glandular layer

myometrium - outer muscular layer

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8
Q

the cervix is also known as the?

A

Os

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9
Q

what is the difference between the two parts of the os and how is this different for ejaculation?

A

external and internal os
external os is where primates deposit sperm
internal os is where boars deposit sperm hence the corkscrew shaped penis of the sperm

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10
Q

what are the 4 basic designs of eutherian uterine?

A

duplex
bipartite
bicornate
simplex

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11
Q

explain the duplex uterus

A

2 uteri and 2 cervixes
rodentia and lagomorpha
highly prolific as pregnant on both sides

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12
Q

explain the bipartite uterus

A

2 uteri and one cervix

carnivora and cetacea

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13
Q

explain bicornate uterus

A

2 uterine horns (fused at front but not at the back) and 1 cervix
insectivores and ungulates

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14
Q

explain simplex uterus

A

1 uterus and 1 cervix

primates, chiroptera, edentates

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15
Q

the oocytes come from the ___ -__, these develop in the ___ ___ and estradiol is produced in the first half

A

primordial follicle

secondary follicle

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16
Q

the cells which make up the follicle are destined to become a new structure ___ ___ in the second half of the cycle and produce ___

A

corpus luteum

progesterone

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17
Q

the primordial follicle consists of ____ and ____ cells only

A

oocyte

granulosa

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18
Q

the pre-antral follicle consists of ____, ____, and ___ cells

A

oocyte
granulosa
theca

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19
Q

the antral cells have many layers of?

A

granulosa cells

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20
Q

Estradiol exerts what sort of feedback within the HPG axis?

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

Estradiol acts on endometrial cells as a _____, stimulates proliferation of _____ ready for embryo implantation.

A

mitogen

endometrium

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22
Q

what is luteinization?

A

mixing of vascularised granulosa and theca derived luteal cells

23
Q

progesterone exerts _____ feedback within the HPG axis and thickens ___ ____.

A

negative

cervical mucus

24
Q

Progesterone exerts ____ - _____ effect on the endometrium

A

anti - proliferative

25
Q

Progesterone stimulates differentiation of endometrial cells - known as _____

A

decidualisation

26
Q

Progesterone also increases ___ ____

A

blood flow

27
Q

Regression of the corpus luteum is a 2 step process?

A

functional luteolysis

structural luteolysis

28
Q

what causes regression of the corpus luteum?

A

decline in LH support

may reflect antigonadotrophic actions of PGF 2alpha

29
Q

the menstrual cycle has 2 phases and what is the length of these?

A

proliferative phase - 1-14 days

secretory phase - 14-28 days

30
Q

the ovarian cycle is different to the menstrual cycle and starts when?

A

the peak in estradiol, at day 14 roughly, this then causes a peak in LH and progesterone

31
Q

there are 2 stages to the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

32
Q

what is oestrous?

A

period of receptivity

33
Q

when should oestrous occur?

A

at time of menstruation / fertility

34
Q

primordial and pre-antral follicles are ___ ____

A

gonadotrophin independent

35
Q

early antral follicles respond to ___

A

FSH

36
Q

late antral follicles respond to ____ and ____

A

FSH (granulosa) and LH (theca)

37
Q

ovulatory follicles respond to ___

A

LH

38
Q

what is follicular atresia?

A

all follicles will die by atresia, the one that doesnt is the oen that ovulates

39
Q

The follicle which doesnt undergo atresia is the dominant follicle, it is the most ____ responsive follicle and makes the most E2. negative feedback from E2 supresses FSH. E2 upregulates LHCGR on GCs

A

FSH

40
Q

in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle what is produced?

A

estradiol - E2

41
Q

in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle what is produced?

A

progesterone

42
Q

Meiosis in the female is intiatied in ____ and then arrested

A

utero

43
Q

after menarche cohorts of oocytes recruited to develop each month until _____

A

menopause

44
Q

In the first meiotic arrest there is an LH surge in _____, in the second meiotic arrest there is sperm fusion in _____

A

prophase I

metaphase II

45
Q

the second meiotic spindle is stabilised by ____

A

MPF - maturation promoting factor

46
Q

the MPF is a complex of what?

A

cyclin B

cdk1

47
Q

the MPF is stabilised by what?

A

CSF cytostatic factor

48
Q

Prior to ovulation, oocyte undergoes both ____ and ____ maturation

A

cytoplasm

nuclear

49
Q

Prior to ovulatory LH surge, there is primary oocyte arrested at ___

A

prophase I

50
Q

LH surge stimulates resumption of meiosis; oocyte complete meiosis I, ejects first polar body and then arrests again at ___

A

metaphase II

51
Q

In dogs, prior to ovulatory LH surge, the primary oocyte is arrested at prophase I. The LH surge stimulates ____ without resumption of meiosis. Oocyte resumes meiosis ____ post ovulation

A

ovulation

48-54hrs

52
Q

Reflex ovulation or induced ovulation is a ___ trait in eutheria and persists in shrews, rabbits and cats. It is triggered by what?

A

primitive

mechanical stimulation of the cervix and reproductive tract

53
Q

reflex ovulation is a neural reflex to ______, stimulates ___ ____ which impinge on GnRH neurones. Increase in GnRH pulse amplitude or frequency triggers ____

A

hypothalamic POA
Kisspeptin neurones
LH surge

54
Q

Spontaneous ovulation occurs how?

A

endocrine feedback from ovaries stimulates a spontaneous preovulatory LH surge in the late follicular phase.
The LH surge and ovulation occur irrespective of mating

REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIO (13 decks)

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