week 3 - female reproductive organs

Question 1

what is an ovipositor?

Answer 1

tube used for laying eggs, but can be more complex than that, in some parasitioid wasps they also contain venom

Question 2

do only invertebrates have ovipositors?

Answer 2

there are some vertebrates that have ovipositors such as japanese bitterling fish where it is inserted into a mussel or the syngnathidae family of sea horses and pipe fish where it is used to insert into the male brood piuch

Question 3

The main body of the female reproductive anatomy is the ___

Answer 3

uterus (corpus body – fundus outside)

Question 4

from the uterus is the oviduct which has 2 parts known as the?

Answer 4

Isthmus and Ampulla

Question 5

the sperm is capacitated in which part of the female reproductive system?

Answer 5

isthmus

Question 6

fertilisation of the oocyte takes place in which part of the female reproductive system?

Answer 6

ampulla

Question 7

what are the 2 different layers of the uterus?

Answer 7

endometrium - inner glandular layer

myometrium - outer muscular layer

Question 8

the cervix is also known as the?

Answer 8

Os

Question 9

what is the difference between the two parts of the os and how is this different for ejaculation?

Answer 9

external and internal os
external os is where primates deposit sperm
internal os is where boars deposit sperm hence the corkscrew shaped penis of the sperm

Question 10

what are the 4 basic designs of eutherian uterine?

Answer 10

duplex
bipartite
bicornate
simplex

Question 11

explain the duplex uterus

Answer 11

2 uteri and 2 cervixes
rodentia and lagomorpha
highly prolific as pregnant on both sides

Question 12

explain the bipartite uterus

Answer 12

2 uteri and one cervix

carnivora and cetacea

Question 13

explain bicornate uterus

Answer 13

2 uterine horns (fused at front but not at the back) and 1 cervix
insectivores and ungulates

Question 14

explain simplex uterus

Answer 14

1 uterus and 1 cervix

primates, chiroptera, edentates

Question 15

the oocytes come from the ___ -__, these develop in the ___ ___ and estradiol is produced in the first half

Answer 15

primordial follicle

secondary follicle

Question 16

the cells which make up the follicle are destined to become a new structure ___ ___ in the second half of the cycle and produce ___

Answer 16

corpus luteum

progesterone

Question 17

the primordial follicle consists of ____ and ____ cells only

Answer 17

oocyte

granulosa

Question 18

the pre-antral follicle consists of ____, ____, and ___ cells

Answer 18

oocyte
granulosa
theca

Question 19

the antral cells have many layers of?

Answer 19

granulosa cells

Question 20

Estradiol exerts what sort of feedback within the HPG axis?

Answer 20

negative feedback

Question 21

Estradiol acts on endometrial cells as a _____, stimulates proliferation of _____ ready for embryo implantation.

Answer 21

mitogen

endometrium

Question 22

what is luteinization?

Answer 22

mixing of vascularised granulosa and theca derived luteal cells

Question 23

progesterone exerts _____ feedback within the HPG axis and thickens ___ ____.

Answer 23

negative

cervical mucus

Question 24

Progesterone exerts ____ - _____ effect on the endometrium

Answer 24

anti - proliferative

Question 25

Progesterone stimulates differentiation of endometrial cells - known as _____

Answer 25

decidualisation

Question 26

Progesterone also increases ___ ____

Answer 26

blood flow

Question 27

Regression of the corpus luteum is a 2 step process?

Answer 27

functional luteolysis | structural luteolysis

Question 28

what causes regression of the corpus luteum?

Answer 28

decline in LH support | may reflect antigonadotrophic actions of PGF 2alpha

Question 29

the menstrual cycle has 2 phases and what is the length of these?

Answer 29

proliferative phase - 1-14 days | secretory phase - 14-28 days

Question 30

the ovarian cycle is different to the menstrual cycle and starts when?

Answer 30

the peak in estradiol, at day 14 roughly, this then causes a peak in LH and progesterone

Question 31

there are 2 stages to the ovarian cycle

Answer 31

follicular phase | luteal phase

Question 32

what is oestrous?

Answer 32

period of receptivity

Question 33

when should oestrous occur?

Answer 33

at time of menstruation / fertility

Question 34

primordial and pre-antral follicles are ___ ____

Answer 34

gonadotrophin independent

Question 35

early antral follicles respond to ___

Answer 35

FSH

Question 36

late antral follicles respond to ____ and ____

Answer 36

FSH (granulosa) and LH (theca)

Question 37

ovulatory follicles respond to ___

Answer 37

LH

Question 38

what is follicular atresia?

Answer 38

all follicles will die by atresia, the one that doesnt is the oen that ovulates

Question 39

The follicle which doesnt undergo atresia is the dominant follicle, it is the most ____ responsive follicle and makes the most E2. negative feedback from E2 supresses FSH. E2 upregulates LHCGR on GCs

Answer 39

FSH

Question 40

in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle what is produced?

Answer 40

estradiol - E2

Question 41

in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle what is produced?

Answer 41

progesterone

Question 42

Meiosis in the female is intiatied in ____ and then arrested

Answer 42

utero

Question 43

after menarche cohorts of oocytes recruited to develop each month until _____

Answer 43

menopause

Question 44

In the first meiotic arrest there is an LH surge in _____, in the second meiotic arrest there is sperm fusion in _____

Answer 44

prophase I | metaphase II

Question 45

the second meiotic spindle is stabilised by ____

Answer 45

MPF - maturation promoting factor

Question 46

the MPF is a complex of what?

Answer 46

cyclin B | cdk1

Question 47

the MPF is stabilised by what?

Answer 47

CSF cytostatic factor

Question 48

Prior to ovulation, oocyte undergoes both ____ and ____ maturation

Answer 48

cytoplasm | nuclear

Question 49

Prior to ovulatory LH surge, there is primary oocyte arrested at ___

Answer 49

prophase I

Question 50

LH surge stimulates resumption of meiosis; oocyte complete meiosis I, ejects first polar body and then arrests again at ___

Answer 50

metaphase II

Question 51

In dogs, prior to ovulatory LH surge, the primary oocyte is arrested at prophase I. The LH surge stimulates ____ without resumption of meiosis. Oocyte resumes meiosis ____ post ovulation

Answer 51

ovulation | 48-54hrs

Question 52

Reflex ovulation or induced ovulation is a ___ trait in eutheria and persists in shrews, rabbits and cats. It is triggered by what?

Answer 52

primitive | mechanical stimulation of the cervix and reproductive tract

Question 53

reflex ovulation is a neural reflex to ______, stimulates ___ ____ which impinge on GnRH neurones. Increase in GnRH pulse amplitude or frequency triggers ____

Answer 53

hypothalamic POA Kisspeptin neurones LH surge

Question 54

Spontaneous ovulation occurs how?

Answer 54

endocrine feedback from ovaries stimulates a spontaneous preovulatory LH surge in the late follicular phase. The LH surge and ovulation occur irrespective of mating