Week 3- Cancer

Question 1

Type of neoplasm that has lost growth regulation but is well differentiated?

Answer 1

Benign tumor

Question 2

Type of neoplasm that has lost growth regulation but are not well differentiated?

Answer 2

Malignant tumor

Question 3

Well differentiated cells that have lost their growth control measures, are localized and demarcated, which facilitates surgical removal.

Answer 3

Benign neoplasm

Question 4

Less differentiated, tend to grow rapidly, invade neighboring tissues, and spread to other sites (metastasis).

Answer 4

Malignant neoplasm

Question 5

Ability of a cell to divide and make copies of itself. Requires growth signals including growth factors and other environmental signals that stimulate the cell to divide.

Answer 5

Proliferation

Question 6

The degree of specialization of a given cell.

Answer 6

Differentiation

Question 7

Are more differentiated that reticulocytes, can no longer divide, are considered terminally differentiated.

Answer 7

Erythrocytes

Question 8

Often less well differentiated or less mature than their normal counterparts.

Answer 8

Cancer cells

Question 9

Can divide indefinitely and proliferate continually, overcome the association between telomere loss and cell death, activate the enzyme telomerase to add new telomeres to chromosomal ends, circumvent the cell death process.

Answer 9

“Immortalized” cancer cells

Question 10

Signal to enter G1 that commits cell to complete the cell cycle. It govern whether the cell will pass the R point.

Answer 10

pRB (retinoblastoma protein)

Question 11

When disrupted leads to increase I proliferation of the cell. Normally acts as a brake.

Answer 11

pRB

Question 12

A cell protein that normally has anti cancer functions centered around DNA repair including: activates DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, arrests cell cycle to allow DNA repair proteins time to fix mutations, and initiates apoptosis if DNA damage cannot be reversed.

Answer 12

p53

Question 13

Means mutation is involved. Mostly acquired.

Answer 13

Genetic type of cancer

Question 14

Means that the mutation is passed on from a parent.

Answer 14

Inherited type of cancer

Question 15

Normally function to inhibit cell geothermal and division.

Answer 15

Tumor suppressor gene

Question 16

May be formed by mutations in normal cell genes that promote cell growth. May also be acquired through infection. Mutations in these genes may lead to unregulated growth or cancer.

Answer 16

Oncogenes

Question 17

These genes correct mistakes that happen to the DNA sequence either during DNA replication or from environmental exposure. Failure to fix these mutations increase the risk of cancer.

Answer 17

DNA repair genes

Question 18

Type of cancer with a limited number of genes.

Answer 18

Simple cancer

Question 19

Type of cancer with different acquired mutations.

Answer 19

Complex cancer

Question 20

Most inherited forms of cancer involve changes in this gene?

Answer 20

TS gene

Question 21

A rare childhood cancer of the eye that involves changes in the Tumor suppressor called pRB. Mutation of both alleles of the pRB gene is required. Loss of pRB gene leads to unregulated growth or cancer

Answer 21

Retinoblastoma

Question 22

Form of colon cancer involving mutations in the DNA repair genes. Requires several stepwise mutations in both oncogenes and TS genes to give rise to the damaged DNA repair genes.

Answer 22

Hereditary nonpolyposis Colon Cancer

Question 23

In this form of cancer one may observe: deletion of the adenomatous polyposis Colón TS gene, deletion of the 2nd apc allele, mutation of the ras oncogene, loss of both alleles of deleted in Colón cancer (dcc) TS gene, loss of p53 TS gene

Answer 23

Fap

Question 24

These cells exhibit altered cell growth and differentiation with uncontrolled proliferation and poor differentiation.

Answer 24

Cancer cells

Question 25

Changes that occur when a normal cell becomes cancerous:

Answer 25

1. Chromosomal changes
2. Altered biochemical properties
3. Aberrant adherence properties.

Question 26

Factors that go with altered biochemical properties:

Answer 26

1. Promote growth by secretory growth factors/hormones

2. Promote spread by creating proteases

Question 27

Chromosomal changes associated with cancer cells:

Answer 27

1. Aneuploid- loss of diploid state
2. Translocations and other rearrangements
3. Chromosomal instability

Question 28

Factors of abherrant adherence properties of cancer cells

Answer 28

1. Loss of contact inhibition
2. Anchorage independence
3. Promotion of invasion and metastasis

Question 29

3 stages of tumor development:

Answer 29

1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression

Question 30

Stage of tumor development that causes DNA mutation, is irreversible, and occurs first.

Answer 30

Initiation

Question 31

Stage of tumor development that causes stimulation of cell proliferation, reversible in early stages, and follows initiation.

Answer 31

Promotion

Question 32

Stage of tumor development that the tumor obtains a malignant phenotype, is invasive and metastatic, and has genome instability.

Answer 32

Progression

Question 33

This is an active process involving transfer of cancer cells across tissue barriers.

Answer 33

Invasion

Question 34

Invasion includes 3 processes:

Answer 34

1. Adhesion- adherence of cancer cells to basement membrane or extracellular matrix
2. Proteolysis- breakdown of extracellular barriers
3. Motility- movement of cancer cells from original to neighboring sites

Question 35

This promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis by formation of new blood vessels.

Answer 35

Angiogenesis

Question 36

Involves entry of tumor cell to blood/lymph and distribution to other body sites. Requires both invasion and angiogenesis.

Answer 36

Metastasis

Question 37

Clinical manifestations of cancer

Answer 37

1. Pain (more so in progressive disease)
2. Cachexia- a severe form of malnutrition
3. Declining hematopoiesis- anemia is often observed and to which tumors in bone or bone marrow suppression can contribute.

Question 38

The loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue.

Answer 38

Anaplasia

Question 39

Activation of this oncogene can increase cell proliferation:

Answer 39

RAS

Question 40

Best known tumor suppressor genes are:

Answer 40

P53 and pRB genes.