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People and Illness > Week 3 - Alcohol and drugs > Flashcards

Week 3 - Alcohol and drugs Flashcards

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People You Should Know flashcards
1
Q

Which neurotransmitter pathway do sedatives act on?

A

GABA

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2
Q

How does alcohol cause pleasure?

A

Acts on dopamine and opioid pathways.

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3
Q

How does alcohol cause ataxia?

A

Acts on GABA receptors

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4
Q

How does alcohol cause amnesia?

A

Acts on GABA receptors, blocks NMDA receptors.

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5
Q

What are the long term effects of alcohol?

A 
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Peripheral neuropathy
Cerebellar degeneration
Myopathy
Cognitive decline
Seizures
Withdrawal effects
Injury / intracranial haemorrhage
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6
Q

At which synapses do stimulants enhance neurotransmission?

A

catecholaminergic / dopaminergic /

serotonergic synapses

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7
Q

What is the effect of stimulants?

A

Increase behavioural and motor activity
Increase alertness / disruption of sleep
Euphoria
Confidence

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8
Q

What are the side effects of stimulants?

A

Anxiety
Insomnia
Irritability

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9
Q

What are the signs of stimulant misuse?

A 
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Risk of arrhythmia
Sweaty
Hallucination
Agitation
Dilated pupils
Elevated temperature
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10
Q

What is serotonin syndrome?

A

Triad of;
Altered mental status – Agitation / confusion / seizures
Autonomic changes - Hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhoea, tachycardia,
hypertension, salivation
Neuromuscular effects - Myoclonus, clonus, hyperreflexia, tremor, rigidity

Hallucinations are also common.

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11
Q

What is the onset of action of cocaine?

A

Seconds to minutes.

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12
Q

What is the peak level of cocaine use?

A

30 minutes

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13
Q

What is the half life of cocaine?

A

30-90 minutes

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14
Q

How does cocaine have high concentration in the brain?

A

Rapid blood brain barrier penetration.

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15
Q

What effect does cocaine have on neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Blocks DA, NE & 5-HT re-uptake.
Exerts inhibitory effect on postsynaptic dopamine receptors
Blocks the presynaptic transporter protein for DA
• Dopaminergic pleasure effect
• Noradrenergic excess (readiness)

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16
Q

What is the onset of action of amphetamines?

A

Seconds to minutes

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17
Q

At what time is the peak level of action of amphetamines?

A

Minutes to 30 minutes.

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18
Q

What is the half life in plasma of amphetamines?

A

12 hours.

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19
Q

What is the effect on the neurotransmitters of amphetamine use?

A

Enhance release of DA & NE from pre-synaptic terminals
• Dopaminergic pleasure effect
• Noradrenergic excess (readiness)

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20
Q

For how long are amphetamines detectable in the urine?

A

48 hours

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21
Q

What are the acute neurological problems with stimulants?

A

Motor
Tremor / Myoclonus / Rhabdomyolysis / Movement disorders
Seizures
Neuropsychiatric
Restlessness / Irritability / Violence / Psychosis
Autonomic
Hyperpyrexia

22
Q

What are the chronic neurological problems with stimulants?

A 
Anxiety
Sleep deprivation
Paranoia
Aggression
Paranoid psychosis (more with amphetamines)
Cognitive dysfunction
Simple negative feedback
23
Q

How do stimulants cause vasospasm?

A

Mediated by alpha-adrenergic stimulation.
Platelet aggregation is increased.
Evidence for accelerated atherosclerosis.

24
Q

Which receptors do opiates act on?

A

Sedation:  receptors
Dysphoria: k receptors

25
Q

What effect do opiates have on GABA release?

A

Reduces it

26
Q

What effect do opiates have on dopamine?

A

Increases it

27
Q

What is GHB used for?

A

Date rape drug.

28
Q

What are the effects of GHB?

A

Dysphoria (stimulates dopamine release)
Sedation (GABA receptor activation)
Muscle twitching

29
Q

What are the 7 signs of opiate toxicity?

A 
Pinpoint pupils
Respiratory depression
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Hypothermia
Pulmonary edema
Seizures
30
Q

What are the effects of too much sedatives or hypnotics?

A 
Ataxia
Blurred vision
Coma
Confusion
Delirium
Sedation
Pupils likely to be normal
31
Q

Give some examples of drugs that can cause sedative toxicity.

A

Anticonvulsants Benzodiazepines
GHB
Ethanol

32
Q

What are the complications of drug injection?

A 
Embolic infarction
Infective endocarditis
Abscesses
Discitis
Meningitis
HIV related illness
33
Q

What are the indirect neurlogical effects of sedative use?

A

Coma
Compressive nerve palsies
Anoxic brain injury

34
Q

Which neurotransmitters do hallucinogens act on?

A

Serotoninergic (5-HT systems)
Noradrenergic (NE systems)
Cholinergic (ACh systems)

35
Q

What are the overall effects of hallucinogens?

A

Psychedelics
Dissociative anesthetics
Deliriants

36
Q

What are the signs of cholinergic toxidrome?

A 
Defecation
Urination
Miosis (small pupils)
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation
37
Q

What is the effect on neurotransmitters of MDMA?

A

Blocks 5HT and NE reuptake

38
Q

What are the side efffects of MDMA use?

A

Thermoregulatory problems
Hallucinations
CV complications

39
Q

What are the neurological effects of hallucinogens?

A

Rare reports of stroke
Toxic psychosis
Dangerous behaviour
Wernicke’s type syndrome – Angel dust

40
Q

Name some organic solvents.

A

Toluene
Hexane
Benzene

41
Q

What are the acute effects of organic solvents?

A

Lightheadedness

Hallucinations

42
Q

What are the effects of prolonged use of organic solvents?

A

Cognitive impairment
Diplopia / ataxia / nystagmus
Coma

43
Q

What is the active component of marijuana?

A

THC

44
Q

What are the effects of cannabis?

A

Agonist at cannabinoid receptors – G protein linked receptors
Alters mood
Increases dopamine release
Modulates opiod receptors

45
Q

What are the long term effects of cannabis use?

A

Psychosis
Altered neural connectivity on fMRI analysis
Cognitive effects

46
Q

What is mephedrone more commonly known as?

A

Bath salts

47
Q

Which drug is mephedrone similar to?

A

Amphetamine

48
Q

What are the effects of mephedrone?

A

Increased energy
Euphoria
Confidence
Empathy

49
Q

What is the effect of ivory wave?

A

Reduces dopamine reuptake

50
Q

How long can the effects of ivory wave last?

A

A week

51
Q

What are the unpleasant effects of ivory wave?

A

Agitation
Hallucinations
Myoclonus

52
Q

What is steatosis?

A

The process describing the abnormal retention of lipids within a cell.

People and Illness (3 decks)

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