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Child and Family > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the trends for Heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure for children as they age?

A

Decreasing HR
Decreasing RR
Increasing BP

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2
Q
  1. What causes bronchiolitis?
  2. what clinical features characterise it?
  3. How is it managed?
A
  1. Mainly RSV
  2. Dyspnoea, hyperexpansion of the chest, subcostal/intercostal recession.
  3. Supportive management
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3
Q
  1. What is croup also known as?
  2. What is the usual cause?
  3. what are the differentials? How is it managed?
  4. How does it present?
  5. How is it managed?
A
  1. Laryngotracheobronchitis
  2. Parainfluenza
  3. Epiglottitis, foreign body etc
  4. Barking cough (croup), stridor (inspiratory wheeze), hoarse voice, fever, possible cyanosis
  5. Steroid treatment
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4
Q

What are the two most common bacterial causes of pneumonia in children? What is the most common viral cause?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
RSV

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5
Q
  1. What bacteria most commonly causes meningitis?

2. What are the most common symptoms of meningococcal meningitis?

A
  1. Neisseria Meningitidis

2. fever, headache, neck stiffness, petechial/purpuric rash

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6
Q

Name 4 viruses that cause gastroenteritis

A

Rotaviruses
Enteric adenoviruses
caliciviruses
astroviruses

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7
Q

Identify a symptom that is associated with fever in children but not commonly with adults

A

Febrile seizures

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8
Q

Name the two arrhythmias that should be checked for in children

A

Long QT syndrome

Supraventricular tachycardias

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9
Q

What is the primary cause of growth in 1. infancy 2. childhood 3. adolescence

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Growth hormones
  3. Sex-steroid led
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10
Q

What does EAR stand for?

A

Estimated Average Requirements

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11
Q

What are the three types of malnutrition? What effect does each have?

A

Undernutrition- stunting, wasting, underweight
Micro-nutrient related- deficiency or excess
Overweight/obesity- related health problems

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12
Q

What does RNI stand for?

A

Reference nutrient intake

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13
Q

Should children under 12 months take unmodified cows milk? What about 2 year olds?

A

No

Only if full fat

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14
Q

Identify 6 health benefits of breast feeding for children

A 
Reduced D and V
Reduced CVD incidence
Reduced SIDS
Reduced infections
Higher IQ
Reduced childhood obesity
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15
Q

What are the weight BMI ranges which signify 1. Healthy weight 2. overweight 3. Obesity

A
  1. 18.5- 25kg/m2
  2. 25-30kg/m2
  3. > 30kg/m2
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16
Q

How do you calculate BMI? What is classified as obesity in children? Is waist circumference helpful to measure in children?

A

Weight kg/height m2
BMI >95th centile for age
No bruh

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17
Q

Identify some of the risk factors for being overweight aged 3yrs and over

A 
Parental overweight
Black ethnicity
Greater birthweight
smoking during pregnancy
Mother works >21 hours a week
lone motherhood
Solid foods before 4 months
prepregnancy overweight
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18
Q

Name the two most prevalent genetic conditions which cause obesity in children

A

Prader-Willi syndrome
Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Both present with hyperphagia

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19
Q

How much exercise should under 5s who are walking get each day? What about for 5-18 year olds?

A

180 minutes at least

60 minutes at least

20
Q

Name the drug licensed in the NHS for weight loss. What increases the rate of side effects with this drug?
When can it be given to adolescents?
What are the three surgical options?

A

Orlistat
More GI side effects if not accompanied by dietary adjustment
Only given if in >3.5SD from the mean or severe obesity >99.6 centile
Gastric band
Gastric bypass
Sleeve gastrectomy

21
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

Probability of a child dying before the age of 1 (per thousand people)

22
Q
  1. Give four causes of pneumonia in children
  2. What condition is associated with deaths from PCP?
  3. Give four risk factors for pneumonia in children
  4. What drug should be given to children to prevent PCP pneumonia?
A
  1. Strep pneumonia, Hib, RSV, Pneumocystis Jiroveci (PCP)
  2. HIV infection
  3. Malnutrition, overcrowding, indoor air pollution, parental smoking
  4. Daily cotrimoxazole given to HIV positive children to prevent PCP infection
23
Q
  1. What is the most common cause of death worldwide in children under 5?
  2. What are the two most common pathogenic causes of this?
  3. What is the major risk factor?
  4. Give two treatments
A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Rotavirus and E. coli
  3. Faeces contaminated water
  4. ORS (oral rehydration solution), Zinc supplements
24
Q
  1. Give three situations where HIV can be transmitted from mother to child
  2. What does MTCT stand for?
  3. Give three modes of MTCT prevention
A
  1. Pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding
  2. Mother to child transmission
  3. Maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment so that undetectable viral load in mother, screen for and treat other STDs, Infant prophylaxis for 6 weeks
25
Q

Identify some major signs of childhood HIV infection

A

Recurrent childhood infections, bacterial infections, candidiasis encephalopathy
persistent fever, lymphadenopathy
PJP pneumonia

26
Q
  1. What is the HIV test for a child <18 months and >18 months?
  2. Identify three forms of the staging of HIV
  3. Identify three treatments for HIV in children
  4. What are the two main prophylactic treatments for HIV?
A
  1. <18months= virological PCR for HIV DNA/RNA
    >18 months= serological rapid antibody test
  2. Clinical staging (damage to immune system), Immunological staging (CD4), Virological staging (Viral load)
  3. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors,
    Non-Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors >3yrs, Protease inhibitors <3yrs
  4. Cotrimoxazole and vaccinations
27
Q

When is Ethambutol given to TB positive children?

A

If in an area of isoniazid resistance or if HIV positive

28
Q
  1. What parasite causes malaria?
  2. What parasite causes the most severe malaria?
  3. How is malaria treated?
  4. Prevention?
A
  1. Plasmodium
  2. Plasmodium falciparum (crosses BBB)
  3. artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), IV/IM artesunate if severe
  4. Nets and vaccine
29
Q

Define intussusception

A

Where the bowel telescopes in on itself- severe cause of abdominal pain in infants

30
Q

Identify some Paediatric red flag symptoms

A 
Headaches with associated symptoms
disordered turns and movements
Heart Murmurs
Night time cough/wheeze/SOB 
Recurrent infections
Bilious/bloody vomiting
Blood in stools
Failure to thrive
Constipation from birth
Weight loss
Delayed or precocious puberty
31
Q

How common is milk intolerance in infants? What about wheat allergy?
How may a child with a food allergy present?

A

3%
1%
rhinorrhoea, glue ear, cough, vomiting, constipation, abdo pain, rashes, fatigue, itch, myalgia

32
Q

How do Vaccines work?

A

Vaccines teach the immune system to recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens, so allowing the body to fight against the pathogens

33
Q

Identify four different types of vaccine

A
  1. Attenuated organism that replicates in the host
  2. Suspensions of killed organisms
  3. Subunit vaccines
  4. Conjugate vaccines
34
Q

What is the most major contraindication to Vaccines?

A

Confirmed anaphylaxis to vaccine or same antigen

35
Q

What is Herd immunity?

A

Protecting unvaccinated individuals through having a sufficiently large proportion of the vaccinated

36
Q
  1. Name 6 vaccines given to children
  2. Name 2 vaccines given to young teenagers
  3. Name two vaccines given to the elderly
A
  1. Rotavirus, flu, Hib, MenC, MMR, MenB, HepB, IPV, PCV, DTaP
  2. MenACWY, HPV
  3. Shingles, annual flu
37
Q

What centile of BMI signifies that a child is overweight? what about obese? Severely obese? What is the healthy range? What low weight demands referral?

A 
91st centile
98th centile
99.6th centile
2nd centile to 91st centile
below 0.4th centile
38
Q

What congenital heart defect presents with an egg-on-the-side defect in neonates?

A

Transposition of the great arteries

39
Q

Identify some of the signs of intussception

A

Abdominal pain, lifting legs to chest, red current jelly stools, ileo-caecal region normally

40
Q

What is the classical triad of symptoms for congenital toxoplasmosis Gondii?

A

congenital toxoplasmosis = chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus

41
Q

What are the characteristic features of congenital Rubella?

A

Sensorineural deafness
Congenital cataracts
Congenital heart disease (e.g. patent ductus arteriosus)
Glaucoma

42
Q

What sign on an x-ray indicates croup?

A

Steeple sign

43
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of epiglottitis?

What sign is noticed on a lateral x-ray?

A

Dysphagia, Drooling, distress

Thumb sign

44
Q

What disease results from avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

Perthes Disease

45
Q

What neonatal respiratory condition is more common with Caesarean sections?

A

Transient Tachypnoea of the newborn

Child and Family (3 decks)

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