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Dermatology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Name 6 of the Weinberg hallmarks of cancer

A 
Resisting cell death
sustaining proliferative signalling
Inducing angiogenesis
Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative immortality
Activating invasion and metastasis
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2
Q

Identify 5 risk factors for skin cancers

A

UV radiation
Genetics- e.g. skin type
Age
Chemical exposure-Coal tar pitch, Soot, Creosote, Petroleum products, such as mineral oil or motor oils, Shale oils, Arsenic
immune suppression- Ulcerative colitis and Crohns, immunosuppressant drugs, organ transplant recipients

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3
Q

UVA radiation causes ________ ________ _________ to DNA bases in keratinocytes. Meanwhile UVB causes ________ __________ _______ to keratinocytes. DNA damage also leads to ____________.

A

Indirect oxidative damage
Direct DNA damage
immunosuppression

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4
Q

Those with skin type 1 do not tan because they possess __________ rather than ____________ which absorbs UV less efficiently.

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

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5
Q

What are pyrimidine dimers?

A

Covalent bonding between adjacent

pyrimidines on the same DNA strand

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6
Q

Name the two major types of UVB-induced DNA lesions. How are they normally repaired? What mutation results?

A

Cyclobutene Pyrimidine dimers
pyrimadine-pyrimadone photoproducts
DNA excision repair
CC-TT and C-T

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7
Q

UVA primarily oxidises _________ to _________________. It often mispairs with Deoxyadenosine. They are mainly repaired by _____ _________ _________.

A

deoxyguanosine
8-oxo-deoxyguanosine
base excision repair

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8
Q

Name two drugs which target BRAF mutations in melanoma treatment. Name one that targets MEK

A

Vemurafenib
Dabrafenib
Trametinib

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9
Q

How does Nodular melanoma differ from the three other varieties?

A

It exhibits a vertical growth phase (VGP) only without Radial Growth Phase (RGP). Therefore it is more likely to penetrate the dermis and become malignant.

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10
Q

Metastasis of Malignant Melanoma is likely to effect dermal __________ first then regional _______ ____ and then ___________ spread.

A

lymphatics
lymph nodes
haematogenous

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11
Q

Name the four types of malignant melanoma

A

Lentigo malignant melanoma
Nodular malignant melanoma
Superficial spreading malignant melanoma
Acral lentiginous malignant melanoma

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12
Q

Identify the 5 diagnostic criteria for malignant melanoma

A 
Asymmetry of mole
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter >6mm
Elevation
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13
Q

What factors influence the prognosis of malignant melanoma?

A

Breslow depth
Ulceration
lymph node/haematogenous spread

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14
Q

What genetic conditions predispose to skin cancers

A

xeroderma pigmentosa
albinism
Gorlin’s syndrome
Epidermolysis Bullosa

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15
Q

Give an alternative name for freckles

A

Ephilides (Ephelis)

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16
Q

What are freckles? What gene mutation causes it?

A

Patchy increases in melanin pigmentation that occurs after UV exposure
Melanocortin 1 Receptor Gene

17
Q

What are age/liver spots also known as? Where are they distributed and why?

A

Actinic/solar lentigines
hands, forearms, face
UV exposure

18
Q

What is cryotherapy used for?

A

viral warts
seborrheic keratosis
actinic keratosis
skin tags

19
Q

Name the four types of malignant melanoma

A

Lentigo
Nodular
Superficial Spreading
Acral lentiginous

20
Q

What sets apart nodular malignant melanoma from the other varieties?

A

It exhibits a vertical growth phase (VGP) alone whereas the rest show a VGP and a Radial Growth Phase

21
Q

Summarise the diagnostic criteria for malignant melanoma

A 
Asymmetry of mole
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter >6mm
Elevation
22
Q

What three factors effect the prognosis of malignant melanoma?

A

Breslow depth?
Evidence of ulceration?
Lymph node/haematogenous spread?

23
Q

What is the ideal treatment of malignant melanoma?

A

Curative excision

24
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

25
Q

Identify some of the clinical features of BCC?

A 
Slow growing node
Translucent
'rodent ulcer'-central ulceration of node
visible blood vessels
locally invasive, minimally metastatic
26
Q

Name the four types of BCC

A

Superficial
Nodular
Morpheic
Pigmented

27
Q

How does squamous cell carcinoma present?

A

Scaly/crusty (hyperkeratotic) plaques
show ulceration
located on sun-exposed sites

28
Q

Arsenic ingestion is associated with what skin cancer

A

SSC

29
Q

Define Melanocytic Naevi

A

Benign neoplasms of the melanocytes which are either acquired or congenital

30
Q

Acquired melanocytic naevi begin as flat brown _________ and are called _________ naevi. Those that embrace the junction and the dermis are called _________ naevi and by adulthood the raised palpable naevi are called __________ naevi

A

macules
junctional
compound
intradermal

31
Q

What form of naevi have an increased risk of melanoma?

A

Atypical (dysplastic) naevi

32
Q

Define a chronic leg ulcer

A

An open lesion between the knee and ankle joint that remains unhealed for at least 4 weeks

33
Q

Why use ABPI to investigate leg ulceration?

A

It determines whether the ulceration is a result of arterial disease

34
Q

Identify 5 possible causes of leg ulceration

A 
Venous insufficiency (majority)
Arterial disease
diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
arteriovenous disease
35
Q

Identify some of the treatments of leg ulcers

A 
Pain relief
compression bandaging
Manual de-sloughing
Leg elevation
de-sloughing agents (honey/hydrogel)
36
Q

Shingles and chickenpox are caused by infection by what virus?

A

herpes Zoster virus which lies dormant in cranial nerve/dorsal route ganglia

37
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp in order

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum

Dermatology (3 decks)

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