Week 3 Flashcards
Define achalasia
The absence of peristalsis of the lower oesophagus resulting in difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes pain.
Define absorption
The phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream.
What is amylase?
An enzyme that aids in the digestion of starch.
What is the anus?
It is the last section of the GI tract; outlet for waste products from the system.
What is chyme?
It is a mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as the food passes through the mouth, oesophagus, and stomach.
What is digestion?
It is the phase of the digestive process that occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats, and sugars are broken down into their component smaller molecules.
What is elimination?
It is the phase of digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body.
What is an endoscopy?
It is the intubation of a part of the GI system with a flexible, lighted tube to assist in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of that area.
What is hydrochloric acid?
It is an acid secreted by the glands in the stomach; mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria.
What is ingestion?
It is the phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the GI tract via the mouth and oesophagus.
What is the intrinsic factor?
It is a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed.
What is the large intestine?
It is the portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins; consists of several parts—ascending segment, transverse segment, descending segment, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
What is lipase?
It is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats.
What is the mouth?
It is the first portion of the GI tract, through which food is ingested.
What is the oesophagus?
It is a distensible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested.
What is pepsin?
It is a gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion.
What is the small intestine?
It is the longest portion of the GI tract, consisting of three parts—duodenum, jejunum, and ileum—through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
What is the stomach?
It is a distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes.
What is trypsin?
It is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein.
What is achalasia?
It is the absent or ineffective peristalsis (wave-like contraction) of the distal oesophagus accompanied by failure of the oesophageal sphincter to relax in response to swallowing.
What does dysphagia mean?
difficulty swallowing
What is dysplasia?
It is an abnormality of development that generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells; dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process; the term is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early, in-situ neoplasm.
What is gastro-oesophageal reflux?
It is the back-flow of gastric or duodenal contents into the oesophagus.
What is a hernia?
It is a protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it.
What is lithotripsy?
It is the use of shock waves to break up or disintegrate stones.
What is odynophagia?
Pain on swallowing
What is parotitis?
inflammation of the parotid gland
What would I have if I had a periapical abscess?
An abscessed tooth.
What is pyrosis?
Heartburn
What does sialadenitis mean?
The inflammation of the salivary glands.
What is stomatitis?
It is the inflammation of the oral mucosa.
What are temporomandibular disorders?
They are a group of conditions that cause pain or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding structures.
What is vagotomy syndrome?
It is dumping syndrome; gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea and abdominal cramping, resulting from rapid gastric emptying.
What is xerostomia?
Dry Mouth
What is an antireflux valve?
It is a valve that prevents return or backward flow of fluid.
What is aspiration?
It is breathing of fluids or foods into the trachea and lungs; removal of substance by suction.
What does bolus mean in regards to the GI system?
It is a feeding administered into the stomach in large amounts and at designated intervals.
What is a central venous access device (CVAD)?
It is a device designed and used for long-term administration of medications and fluids into central veins.
What does cyclic feeding mean?
It is the periodic feeding/infusion given over a short period (8–12 hours).
What is decompression?
It is the removal of intestinal contents to prevent gas and fluid from distending the coils of the intestine.
What is dumping syndrome?
It is the rapid emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine; characterised by sweating and weakness.
What is the duodenum?
It is the first part of the small intestine, which connects with the pylorus of the stomach and extends to the jejunum.
What is enteral nutrition?
It is a nutritional formula feedings introduced through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract.
What is a feeding tube?
It is a tube through which nutritional products, water, and other fluids can be introduced into the gastrointestinal tract.
What is a gastrostomy?
Ir is the surgical creation of an opening into the stomach for the purpose of administering foods and fluids.
What is an intravenous fat emulsion?
It is an oil-in-water emulsion of oils, egg phospholipids, and glycerine.
What does intubation mean?
It is the insertion or placement of a tube into a body structure or passageway.
What does irrigation mean?
It is the flushing of the tube with water or other fluids to clear it.
What is the jejunum?
It is the second portion of the small intestine, extending from the duodenum to the ileum.
What is lavage?
It is the flushing of the stomach with water or other fluids with a gastric tube to clear it.
What is a low-profile gastrostomy device (LPGD, G-button)?
It is an enteral feeding access device that is flush with the skin and is used for long-term feeding.
What is a lumen?
It is the channel within a tube or catheter.
What is a nasogastric (NG) tube?
It is a tube inserted through the nose into the stomach.
What is a nasojejunal tube?
It is a tube inserted through the nose into the second portion of the small intestine (jejunum).
What does osmolality mean?
It is the ionic concentration of fluid.
What does osmosis mean?
It is the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane; the solvent, usually water, passes through the membrane from a region of low concentration of solute to that of a higher concentration of solute.
What is parenteral nutrition?
It is a method of supplying nutrients to the body by an intravenous route.
What is a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)?
It is an endoscopic procedure for placing a permanent feeding tube into the stomach.
What is a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)?
It is a device used for intermediate-term intravenous therapy.
What does peristalsis mean?
It is the wave-like movement that occurs involuntarily in the alimentary canal.
Define pH
It is the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance or solution.
What is does radio-opaque mean?
can be easily localised on x-ray
What is a stoma?
It is an artificially created opening between a body cavity (e.g. intestine) and the body surface.
What is a stylet?
It is a stiff wire placed in a catheter or other tube that allows the tube to maintain its shape during insertion.
What is a total nutrient admixture?
It is an admixture of lipid emulsions, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals, and water.
What is total parenteral nutrition?
It is an admixture of individual chemicals combined in a single container that is used to provide nutrients to the body by an intravenous route.
What are some of the reasons for nasogastric intubation in your patients?
Access route for the administration of fluids, drugs, and/or nutrients
To allow drainage of the stomach when indicated
To allow for the removal of air
