Week 3 Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
Qualitative research
A
- usually focuses on capturing and analyzing in depth experiences, potentially with a small sample size
- contrast with quantitive research: positivism, a research approach consistence with a belief in objective data generation
- qualitative methods examine the why and how of decision making, not just what, where when or who
2
Q
Qualitative research is really good for… and looks into…
A
- really good for understanding athlete identity, athletes self concepts
- looks into human behaviour and how they make meaning in and of their lives and it looks at the individual experiences within the broader context
3
Q
Quantitative research: epistemology
A
- positivism: the world can be “known” and observed through objective methods
4
Q
Quantitive research methodology
A
- deduction: hypothesis and theory testing. Scientific method
5
Q
Quantitative research
A
Values- objective, bias/value free, validity, control
6
Q
Essential difference: qualitative vs quantitive research
A
- non numerical epistemology
- epistemology consistent with interpretive approach such as the study of knowledge
- values subjectivity
- purposive sampling desired
- naturalistic environment
- designs (can evolve as research progresses if you’re working with a community or you’re doing feminist participatory action research, you can shift the design and shift your findings
- numerical
- positivist epistemology
- objective, repeatable, controlled
- often probability based sampling desired
- generalization
- designs randomized, experimental
7
Q
Positivism is part of quantitive research true or false
A
True
8
Q
Is qualitative research valid
A
- yes both qualitative and quantitive research are valid because they ask and answer different questions
- helps give voice to people who are under represented in research, allows researchers to ask questions that quantitive research cannot
- acknowledges that human life involve complex experiences
- rooted in sound research practices
9
Q
What outcome has sport as a male preserve had on girls and women
A
- exclusion
- contestation
- inclusion with caveats (qualified inclusion)
10
Q
To understand history of girls and women in sport it is also important to understand ———
A
Feminist movements
11
Q
First wave feminism
A
- began formally in the mid 19th century
- led by wealthy, white Christian women
- emancipation proclamation 1863
12
Q
Main objectives of first wave feminism
A
- the right to vote
- ## persons under the law
13
Q
Within first wave feminism it was considered mainstream white feminism and there was racial tension where women’s rights were more important than poc rights (true or false)
A
True
14
Q
What was the legal realities of women in Canada within first wave feminism
A
- women surrendered all property rights to men, men could seek divorce based on adulatory, women could not
15
Q
Religion was important in Canadian feminist movement true or false why
A
True
First organizations to promote feminism in the first wave were for a religious purpose, it was a means by which women could advocate for social change, temperance movement, elimination of drinking
16
Q
When was women recognized as persons under the law and had the right to own property
A
1929
17
Q
Within first wave feminism did women have access to education, opportunity to work outside the home
A
Yes
18
Q
In the first wave feminism in Canada did women have provincial and federal voting rights in Canada
A
Yes
19
Q
What did physical culture look like in first wave feminism in indigenous women (pre and post colonization)
A
-indigenous women participated in games and contests (pre)
-(post) indigenous women were increasingly confined to small settlements and women were subject to European ideas of what was appropriate physical activity for women “women are frail”
20
Q
What was women’s physical culture in mid 17th century
A
- upper class women in New France (quebec) riding sidesaddle (horses)
- permitted to travel by sleigh in the winter and carriage in the summer
- social dancing, graceful to be appropriate for marriage
21
Q
What was first wave feminism in the late 1800s
A
- formal sport clubs for women (exclusive sports)
- informal (upper class women participating in light PA)
- end of 19th and beginning of 20th century, opportunities growing for team sports
22
Q
Cultural change and technological innovations permitted ——
A
Greater participation in sport
23
Q
What are pre-existing beliefs about women’s exercise
A
- it was though that vigorous activity could dislodge ones uterus
- exercise drains vital energy which compromises women’s role of mothers and to carry children
- women needed to be very demure
24
Q
True or false women began to reject some of the restrictions that were placed on exercise
A
True
25
What was the counter action o father bicycle craze
- rejection of gender norms
26
In the 1890s the ——- replaces bone rattler and this ushered in the “—- craze” limited to middle and upper class women
“Safety bicycle”
- bicycle craze
27
What can be understood from the public vs private sphere from the bicycle craze
It was the first opportunity of wide scale seeing women exercise in public
28
The safety bicycle and its associated critics
- medical, aesthetic and ad moral opinions
- critics are safety, vital energy, property and masturbation ( they thought women got sexual pleasure from the bike seat)
29
Amelia bloomers
- change of dress style
- split knee length pants
- catalyst for women’s emancipation
30
Bloomers allowed for greater —— and critics called them a ———- which produces ————
- bodily freedom
- abominable invention
- disorders in abundance
31
The impact of bikes and bloomers on gender
- technology, fashion and challenges to social norms
- undermines notions of female fragility (suggest to public and each other that they were not frail)
- enter the male “public” domain of exercise and sport
- somewhat shifted pubic attitudes; visibility of women on the bike shifted public attitudes towards acceptance
32
The bike evoked a feeling of freedom and self reliance as well as signified important technological change true or false
True
33
Women’s Hockey timeline
📅 Timeline:
• 1890s: Women played informally.
• 1900: Dozens of women’s hockey clubs.
• 1920s: Rise of working-class women’s sports clubs.
• 1922: Ladies’ Ontario Hockey Association (LOHA) formed but denied recognition by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association.
34
Challenges & Beliefs: of women in hockey
• Hockey seen as “too rough” for women.
• 1923 Argument: Other sports offered “all necessary scope” without personal contact.
• Social Norms: Women expected to be gentle, nurturing, and mindful. Concerns about reproductive health influenced views on women in contact sports.
35
Women in hockey what era was it occurring in and what was its broader impacts
📌 Context:
• Industrial Revolution & Urbanization (late 1800s–1900s):
• More women in cities.
• Some access to higher education.
• Increase in working-class women’s sports.
36
What was the argument on women in hockey
argument was that there are plenty of other sports which provide them all the necessary scope for them without the personal contact element. certain types of sport were seen to be too rough for women and there was a moralizing judgement which suggested that women were supposed to be gentle, nurturing, mindful & demure based in the idea that a woman's reproductive capacity was the most important thina tor a woman in society.
37
Women hockeryists in manitoulin island 1921 is an example of one of the first public female hockey players true or false
True
38
Why take a historical perspective
Understand past and the ideologies as well as the social issues present in the past and see what still endures and helps us to answer social issues currently exiting how to see how sport is organized in the past understanding how things were done differently can change the future and that norms are social constructions
39
When was the first wave of feminism in relation to sport and when did it end
- women’s professional sport in Canada post ww1
- golden age 1920-1939
- first wave of feminsim ends 1939
40
What was the effect on gender roles post WW1
- effects on gender roles: women stepped onto “male” jobs and playing fields and arenas
- “all around” athletes and sponsorship
- participating in sport was normalized at that timr
41
When was the dark age for women’s sport
-1939-1960 (ww2 was btw 1939-1945)
42
When is feminsim second wave
1960
43
Q: What happened to women’s sports after WWII?
A: Participation dropped in the 1950s-60s as society pushed women into traditional roles. When they did participate, activities emphasized femininity.
44
Q: What was the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League?
A: A league that allowed women to play baseball but enforced strict feminine ideals, including etiquette training.
45
Q: What sparked second-wave feminism?
A: Education, birth control (“The Pill”), and increased social movements for equality.
46
Q: What were the goals of mainstream feminism?
A: Equal pay, maternity leave, breaking glass ceilings, ending exploitation, and abortion rights.
47
Q: What were the goals of radical feminism?
A: Eliminating stereotypes, reforming child-rearing and education, and challenging patriarchal power.
48
Q: How did second-wave feminism impact sports?
A: Led to equal rights legislation in the 1960s-80s, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982).
49
Q: What key laws and policies supported women in sports during the late 1960s-80s?
A:
• 1970: Report on Status of Women
• 1982: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
• 1972: Title IX (U.S.)
• 1981: CAAWS (later Canadian Women & Sport)
• Gender Equity Quotas
50
Q: Why were the late 1960s-80s important for Canadian women in sports?
A:
• Many programs didn’t exist before the 1970s.
• Despite limited funding, Canadian women excelled globally.
• Notable athletes:
• Abby Hoffman (track)
• Nancy Greene (skiing)
• Sharon & Shirley Firth (cross-country skiing)
51
Q: What factors led to more women participating in sports since the 1960s?
A:
• Global women’s rights movement → More career and lifestyle choices for women.
• Health & fitness movement → Jogging, aerobics, etc., promoting wellness.
• Shift in ideology → Femininity and fitness became more accepted together.
52
Q: How did media portray female athletes from the 1960s-80s?
A:
• Often patronizing, paternalistic, and sexualized.
• Example: Carling Bassett referred to as “Daddy’s Darling.”
53
Q: How did media coverage impact women’s sports participation?
A:
• Helped legitimize women’s and girls’ sports.
• Focused on thinness and heterosexual femininity.
• Most impactful coverage challenged traditional norms (skills, body types, self-presentation).
54
Q: What changes occurred in women’s sports by the 1990s?
A:
• Women started entering formerly male-dominated sports.
• Women athletes’ activism reshaped social roles and reduced stereotypes.
• Shift in perception: What’s next?
