week 3 Flashcards
multiple joints and muscles activate the appropriate time w correct amt of force so that SMOOTH, EFFICIENT, AND ACCURATE MOVEMENTS occue
coordination
where is the motor cortex located
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
Brodmann area 4
primary motor cortex
Brodmann area 6
premotor and supplemental motor areas
action of brodmanns area 4
control simple, single joint movements
integrates sensory information to coordinate precise contralateral movements
areas & action of brodmanns area 6
premotor area: multiple joint movements, postural adjustments for complex tasks
supplementary motor area: facilitates the initiation and coordination of sequential mvmts and bilateral tasks
what is the motor cortex role in coordination
coordinates VOLUNTARY MVMTS by integrating info about body position, target location, and movement strategy
Decending motor pathway: corticospinal
skilled mvmt and fine motor tasks of distal limbs
descending tract: corticobulbar
muscles of face and neck
descending tract: tectospinal
neck muscles during visual tasks
descending tract: reticulospinal
muscle tone and reflexes, posture and gait coordination
descending tract: vestibulospinal
postural ctrl and head mvmts, coordinated axial head-eye mvmts
descending tract: rubrospinal:
merges w corticospinal tract in cervical region (minimal role/action)
action of cerebellum
regulation of mvmt, postural control, and muscle tone
“an error detector and movement corrector”
cerebellum 3 divisions and actions
cerebrocerebellum: planning and initiating and timing; fine motor skills of hands, limb ataxia
spinocerebellum: (vermis) limb positioning; touch/pressure, gait/trunk ataxia, orthostatic tremor
types of cerebrocerebellum disorders (limb ataxia)
dysdiadochokinesia
dysmetria
action tremor
vestibulocerebellum (falocculonodular lobe)
maintains equilibrium, balance, adn posture
disorders/issues of vestibulocerebellum
nystagmus
disequilibrium
VOR disruption
the right cerebral hemisphere ctrls the ___ side of the body. The right cerebellar hemisphere controls the _____ side of the body
left, right
*cerebral tracts cross and ctrl the opposite side of body while the cerebellar tracts do not
loss of coordinated movement
ataxia
intention tremor & WHATS AFFECTED
tremor that occurs during movement but disappears at rest –> cerebellum issues
postural tremor & WHATS AFFECTED
back and forth oscellatory movements of the body while in standing –> cerebellum
resting tremor & WHATS AFFECTED
oscillatory movements at rest that disappear with movement –>BASAL GANGLIA ISSUE
slowness, extraneous movements, or alterations in posture and or muscle tone lead you to think of damage to which structure?
basal ganglia
basal ganglia is involved in movement selection, initiation, and automatic movements
true
does the basal ganglia recieve any sensory inputs
no, but the cerebellum does
akinesia
difficulty initiating movement (basal ganglia)
parkinsons is an issue of the ______
basal ganglia
huntintons disease is an issue of
basal ganglia
chorea
involuntary rapid, jerky movements (huntintons/huntingtons disease)
hemiballisms
large amplitude movements, sudden, violent, FLAILING AROUND
lesion in contralateral subthalamic nucleus
DCML
balance and coordination from lack of JOINT POSITION, awareness of movement, and impaired localized touch sensation
what are the 5 aspects of coordination
accuracy
speed
smooth
reciprocity of movement (intralimb)
interlimb coordination
hypometria
undershooting
know the coordination tests and the impairements theyre suggested for
SARA - scale for the assessment and ratings of ataxia SCORING
0= no ataxia
40= severe ataxia
know basal ganglia vs cerebellar findings
ie: which has ataxia, dysdiadochokinesis, tremor w speed… etc
ataxia
dysmetria
dysdiachokinesia
tremor
dexterity
cerebellum
akinesia
bradykinesia
dystonia
ridigity
tremor
athetosis
hemiballismus
Basal Ganglia
friedreichs ataxia
inherited disorder impacting SC, cerebellum, and peripheral nerves
sporadic ataxia
non genetic resulting in ataxia and dysarthria
precursor to Multiple systems atrophy
strokes usually occur where
cerebellum
know tracts and where they travel and which are more medial
dysesthesias
impairment of touch sensitivity, typically dullness
allodynia
pain from something not normally harmful
hyperesthesia vs hyperalgesia
hyperesthesia: increased sensitivity to touch
hyperalgesia: increased sensitivity to pain or increased pain intensity
causalgia
constant burning pain resulting from damage to a peripheral nerve
thalamic pain syndrome:
a vascular lesion in thalamus can result in sensory disturbances along with paralysis
*horrific constant pain
mechanoreceptors: ruffini
sensitive to skin stretch
slow adapting
mechanoreceptors: merkel discs
tissue displacement/ PRESSURE
mechanoreceptors: pacinian corpuscles
vibration & pressure
fast adapting
mechanoreceptors: meissners corpuscles
fine touch
fast adapting
light touch follows with pathway/tract
dorsal column pathway
pain (sharp full sensation testing) follows which pathway/tract
spinothalamic pathway
monofilament testing scores
4.17-normal
5.07 - protective
6.10 - lack light touch and pressure sensation
grading light touch
normal- feels the touch and same as unimpaired side
impaired- feels it, but different than other side
absent - does not feel it
grading sharp/dull
normal- distinguishes btw sharp/dull, intensity same
impaired- distinguishes but intensity is different
absent - cannot distinguish SHARP or has no sensation of being touched
proprioception and kinesthesia grading
normal- accurately describes
impaired - <75% accurate, delayed response
absent - cannot detect movement
topognosis
ability to localize touch stimuli on skin
- describe where im touching you
nerves regenerate how much per day
1mm/day
