Week 3 Flashcards
which pulse sequence retains residual transverse magnetization and provides strong T2 contrast?
steady state GRE
what controls the steady state due to the short TR?
flip angle controls RF saturation
which pulse sequence destroys residual transverse magnetization and provides strong T1 contrast?
spoiled steady state GRE
When is spoiled steady state applied in the cycle?
at the end of each excitation cycle
which pulse sequence rewinds residual transverse magnetization to maintain coherence in SE and FSE sequences?
rewound steady state
When is a rewound steady state applied in the cycle? which direction?
at the end of each cycle
in the phase-encoding direction
which pulse sequence removes residual transverse magnetization with longer TE and provides true T2 contrast?
reverse-echo GRE
which pulse sequence uses gradient moment nulling to reduce flow artifacts, providing stable images in the presence of motion?
balanced GRE
which pulse sequence achieves very fast imaging sequences, especially in SE w/ 180-degree refocusing pulses?
echo planar imaging
which sequence use a 90-degree and 180-degree RF pulse sequence to refocus spins?
SE sequences
which sequence rely on a lower flip angle and do not use a 180-degree refocusing pulse?
GRE sequences
which sequence is more prone to inhomogeneity artifacts?
GRE sequences
what do GRE sequences achieve that allows for quicker imaging?
shorter TRs
which sequence has more contrast options?
SE sequences
which direction is balanced GRE is applied?
in the frequency or slice-select direction
what’s balanced GRE purpose?
realigns protons moving through the gradients w/ stationary protons
eliminating phase artifacts (ghosting)
what gives us the residual transverse magnetization?
steady state
what creates steady state? and how is it created?
Hahn echoes, by the continuous pulsing of RF energy
what does it mean to have short TR and TE settings?
RF pulses happen quickly, doesn’t not allow time to fully relax
True or False. Only Spin Echo Pulse Sequences can create this steady state, as they allow for fast pulsing required
False. only GRE
Name 2 speed up echo formation
- FSE
- EPI (echo planar imaging)
what technique is EPI?
single-shot
what’s the main component of an EPI?
how we fill k-space, NOT echo formation
Does EPI fill the entire slice of k-space in 1 TR period?
yes
what are the 3 studies EPI used for?
- diffusion
- perfusion
- functional MRI
what can EPI possibly cause for pt?
PNS
True or False. EPI is not prone to susceptibility artifacts and geometric distortions
False
what’s the goal of IR?
eliminate/ suppress the signal from a given tissue
Name 2 main IR sequences
- STIR
- FLAIR
how is IR accomplished?
by choosing the ideal timing between an initial RF inversion pulse and an RF excitation pulse
what is the time between the inversion pulse and the excitation pulse?
inversion time (TI)
what is TI based on?
given tissue’s T1 relaxation time
which IR sequence has shorter TI?
STIR
which IR sequence has longer TI?
FLAIR
what tissue does STIR suppress?
fat
what tissue does FLAIR suppress?
water/ CSF
what is the non-cartesian filling that doesn’t add additional time?
keyhole
faster scan time = higher temporal reso
what does a lower FA in GRE do?
allows T2* weighting
eliminate T1 weighting
longest TE possible
what does a higher FA in GRE do?
allows T1 weighting
shortest TE possible
what is Hahn echo created out of?
out of phase w/ new FID
how do I allow the full longitudinal to recover?
don’t flip the NMV as far (gives it a head start)
lower flip angle
what do I do to eliminate T1 waiting?
lower flip angle
what does having a long TR do for us in Spin Echo Sequence?
allow longitudinal to recover fully
trade-off = lower T1 contrast
how to get T1 in GRE?
high flip angle
short TE (0-5)
how to get T2 in GRE?
low flip angle
long TE (15-30)
how to get T2* in GRE?
low flip angle (5-25)
long TE (15-30)
how to get PD in GRE?
low flip angle (5-25)
short TE (0-5)
what are the 2 signals created at each RF pulse?
- FID
- Hahn echo
what does FIESTA stand for?
Fully Balanced Steady State
where is FIESTA applied in the cycle?
in the slice select in the frequency encoding direction
which is the 3rd chemical suppression technique?
Dixon
what does Dixon technique use to suppress fat or water?
math based on in and out of phase echo collections
what is this equation used to suppress?
1/2 IP + OP
fat suppressed (water only images)
what is this equation used to suppress?
1/2 IP - OP
water suppressed (fat only images)