Week 3

Question 1

Tachypnea

Answer 1

Increased respiratory rate

Question 2

Orthopnea

Answer 2

Open mouth breathing

Question 3

Dyspnea

What’s the clinical significance of this?

Answer 3

Air hunger

Patient is distressed due to lack of oxygen; emergency situation

Question 4

Polypnea=

Answer 4

Hyperpnea (increased volume of air taken during breathing) = deep breathing

Question 5

Stertor

Answer 5

Snoring

Question 6

Stridor

Answer 6

High pitched wheeze

Question 7

Name client complaints suggestive of cardiovascular disease

Answer 7

Exercise intolerance, cough (acute), syncope, breathing hard (respiratory distress- acute), acute blindness (cat), sudden loss of function of back limbs & painful (cat), vibration on chest wall, abdominal distention

Question 8

Describe some client complaints suggestive of respiratory disease

Answer 8

Exercise intolerance, sneeze, cough (chronic/acute), breathing hard (respiratory distress), Stertor, honking, wheezing (Stridor), reverse sneeze

Question 9

Name symptoms that are the same for cardiorespiratory systems

Answer 9

Cough, syncope (collapse), exercise intolerance, breathing hard

Question 10

What’s a normal respiratory rate in the clinic? In home?

Answer 10

<48, <36 (usually in 20s)

Question 11

If you hear crackles when auscultating the respiratory system, what is that indicative of? What are some differentials you’d think of depending on the time of crackles?

Answer 11

Bronchoalveolar localization of disease
- bronchitis (louder, throughout inspiration)
- pneumonia, congestive heart failure (end inspiratory crackles)

Question 12

If a patient is wheezing, what is a differential you’d think of?

Answer 12

Airway disease (asthma)

Question 13

If you hear reduced sounds while auscultating the lungs, name two differentials you’d think of

Answer 13

Pleural fluid, mass

Question 14

What is a hyperkinetic pulse?

Answer 14

Increased, bounding pulse

Question 15

Hypokinetic pulse=

Answer 15

Weak pulse

Question 16

Pulsus paradoxus means

Answer 16

Varies with respiration

Question 17

Pulse pressure equals

Answer 17

PP= systolic arterial pressure- diastolic arterial pressure

Question 18

PP= SAP- DAP

A wider pulse pressure = bounding pulse. This is usually due to

Answer 18

Reduced diastolic pressure

Question 19

PP= SAP- DAP

Smaller pulse pressure = weak pulse, usually due to

Answer 19

Reduced systolic pressure

Question 20

Pulse pressure is dependent on

Answer 20

Stroke volume
Vascular resistance (arterioles)
Heart rate

Question 21

You discover a bounding pulse in an animal, what are your differentials?

Answer 21

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)- dogs
Aortic insufficiency- older horses
High sympathetic tone
Hyperthyroidism (cats)
Anemia

Question 22

If a patient has a weak pulse, what is that usually due to? What is that most indicative of?

Answer 22

Usually due to reduced systolic pressure

Most indicative of small stroke volume (most often heart dz or hypovolemia)
- reduced preload
- reduced contractility
- increased afterload

Question 23

Describe your DDX with an absent pulse

Answer 23

Thromboembolism/ obstruction
Artifact- obese animal

Question 24

What are concurrent signs suggestive of thromboembolism in a cat?

Answer 24

Blue/grey foot pad color
Cool feet
Firm muscles in region without pulse

Question 25

What does a variable pulse typically indicate?

Answer 25

Pericardial effusion (pulsus paradoxus) or arrhythmia (deficits)

Question 26

Pulsus paradoxus

Answer 26

Varies with respiration

Question 27

Presence of a jugular pulse (beyond normal) indicates

Answer 27

Elevated right heart pressures

Question 28

Blue mucous membranes indicate what? If focal, what can that indicate? If diffuse, what can that indicate?

Answer 28

Cyanotic >5g/dL deoxygenated blood Focal- aortic thromboembolism and blue paw pads Diffuse- respiratory or cardiac cause of dec. rbc

Question 29

What historical findings indicate emergency evaluation?

Answer 29

Respiratory distress, profound weakness, sustained collapse, coughing pink foamy liquid, syncope